defined as the fundamental law of a nation or state. It is the body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised.

In the Philippines, it serves as the highest law of the land and basis of governmental powers as it is distributed and exercised among several departments or branches for the benefit of the people.

Under this constitution, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 86 calling for the cancellation of the plebiscite and instituted barangays' citizens' assemblies to ratify the new constitution by a plebiscite from 10–15 January __. Alongside the utilization of citizens' assemblies, the voting age was also reduced to 15. Voting in citizens' assemblies took place through viva voce voting, similar to parliamentary procedure, rather than the standard secret ballot that had been used up until that point.

established a representative democracy with power divided among three separate and independent branches of government: the Executive, a bicameral Legislature, and the Judiciary.

the first Philippine Constitution—the first republican constitution in Asia—was drafted and adopted by the First Philippine Republic, which lasted from 1899 to 1901. During the American Occupation, the Philippines was governed by the laws of the United States of America.

Filipinos lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or datus. The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice served as the medium of exchange.

the constitution of the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic of the Philippines (1943-1945). It was recognized as legitimate and binding only in Japanesecontrolled areas of the Philippines but was ignored by the United States government and the Philippine Commonwealth government in-exile.

was created before the presidency of the late Manuel L. Quezon, which featured a political system virtually identical to the American one, became operative. The system called for a President to be elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral Congress, and an independent Judiciary.

The concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos must defend his encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the right to collect tribute from the indios (native). The system, however, degenerated into abuse of power by the encomienderos. The tribute soon became land rents to a few powerful landlords. And the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom were transformed into mere share tenants.

provided a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system. However, the Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did not solve the problem completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey cost and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title.

a tax imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines, including pacto de retro sales and other forms of conditional sale.

s a tax on documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto.

Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 was created under his presidency which refers to the establishment of Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthens the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.

Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 was created under her presidency. In addition, this E.O provided mechanism for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

tax on the right of the deceased person to transmit his/her estate to his/her lawful heirs and beneficiaries at the time of death and on certain transfers which are made by law as equivalent to testamentary disposition.

Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large, tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.

Under his administration, the DAR created an anti-corruption task force to investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by officials and employees of the department. The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero Backlog” in the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of CARP.

tax on the production, sale or consumption of a commodity in a country. It applies to goods manufactured or produced in the Philippines for domestic sale or consumption or for any other disposition; and to imported goods.

Under his administration, Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (______) was created. This law abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.

enacted the following laws: Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP and Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.

is a business tax imposed and collected from the seller in the course of trade or business on every sale of properties (real or personal) lease of goods or properties (real or personal) or vendors of services. It is an indirect tax, thus, it can be passed on to the buyer.

It is the enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the State by virtue of its sovereignty, for the support of the government and for all public needs.

During his administration, President ___________ launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures with private investors into the agrarian sector to make FBs competitive.

Is the power of the state to impose and collect revenues for the operation of the government. This is one of the three inherent powers of the state.

The founder of Philantrophic Association of Red Cross before was

said in her book “What a Woman must be in a Society” that society must encourage women to try other profession like teaching, medicine, and law.

are familiar with fiestas or festivals. From the barangay to the provincial levels, each has assigned date in the year to get together and celebrate as one big community.

had nothing written about their religion, government, or history, except for their tradition preserved in customs, and “songs that they retain in their memory”.

were also seen as transmitters of Spanish ideas, values, and concepts toward straightening the Spanish rule.

are important expressions of our culture that colonialism attempted to remove but remained in the lives of many our peoples. We must do everything humanly possible to ensure customs, traditions, practices, and knowledge remain for future generations to learn that Filipino culture is rich and diverse.

lived farthest in the interior and most rugged parts. They were also brutal and averse to civilization.

Biggest achievement of women before was the

acts as our safeguard of the Philippine culture; internationally, the UNESCO, a specialized agency of the United Nations, includes in its program areas the preservation of regional and cultural history.

Is phenomena shared by ordinary groups of people such as festivals and public rituals, performance traditions of epic poetry, and verbal forms passed on orally from one generation to another, cultural expressions of science, art, craftsmanship, and technique, and many others.

5 Katipuneras/Women who have been part of Philippine History (Refer to your RPH book)