Here, the independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre- existing groups of subjects.

These are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.

Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently.

Internal validity

Qualitative Variables

It is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions.

It is also called numerical variables are the type of variables used in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category are discrete and continuous variables

When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a _____

It simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player's number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and mode of transportation

From the name itself denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5-highest, 1-lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or _____ : cancer stage (Stage 1, Stage II, Stage III). Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).

Uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate observable phenomena

It is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the _____ has lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects.

Data is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect for example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.

It is like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of two or more variables.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Meaning of ANOVA

These are quantitative variables where the _____ or differences between consecutive values are equal and meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not suggest the absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting point of ice. Other examples of _____ would be year and IQ score.

Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision making.

The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.

It is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller and more specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.

It identifies the relationship between variables

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

It is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature. There is no experimental manipulation and the researcher does not start with a hypothesis.

It is also identified as the presumed effect

The use of a statistical tools give way for less time consuming data analysis

Data is numerical, which makes presentation through graphs, charts, and tables possible and for better conveyance and interpretation

It is any existing or observable fact or situation that we want to unearth further or understand

The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to the group unexposed to treatment (control): example, the effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely :

It is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies

Strengths of Quantitative Research

To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a _____

The goal of ______ research is only to describe the person or object of the study. An example of _____ is the determination of the different kinds of physical activities and how often high school students do it during the quarantine period."

The term "_____", means after the fact, looks at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon.

_____ are generally easier to collect than descriptions or phrases used in qualitative research.

These are also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous

These are consisting of only two distinct categories or values. For example, a response to a question either be a yes or no.

It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent variable) which are not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher. These factors are called _____

It is also identified as the presumed cause

This design provides a more conclusive result because it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For example, a comparison of the effects of various blended learning to the reading comprehension of elementary pupils.

It take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.

This type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the presence of a true zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured Examples are age, height, weight and distance.

An example of this is "how does the parent's academic achievement affect the children obesity?"

Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher's intuition and personal guesses

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly, Le, sufficient size and random samples were taken.