PR

100問 • 2年前

問題一覧

regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods.

RESEARCH

“research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

EARL ROBERT BOBBIE

the study of the nature of phenomena”, including “their quality, different manifestations, the context in which they appear or the perspectives from which they can be perceived”

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena using computational technique

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Results from social interaction

Quali

Exists in Physical World

Quanti

Explained by people’s objective desire

Quali

Revealed by automatic description of circumstances or conditions

Quanti

Subjective; sometimes personally engaged

Quanti

Objective; least involvement by researcher

Quali

Verbal language (words, visuals, objects)

Quali

Numerals, statistics

Quanti

Research Plan Takes place as the research proceeds gradually

Quali

Plans all research aspects before collecting data

Quanti

Desire to preserve the natural setting of research features

Quali

Control or manipulation of research conditions by the researcher

Quanti

Makes social intentions understandable

Quali

Evaluates objective and examine cause and effect relationship

Quanti

Thematic codal ways

Quali

Mathematically based methods

Quanti

purposive sampling or use of chosen samples based on some criteria

Quali

Random sampling most preferred

Quanti

seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Based on facts.

OBJECTIVE

researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions are well defined for which objective answers are sought.

CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Data are normally gathered using structured tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.

STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, presented using tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences among variables.

NUMERICAL DATA

NEEDING AN AMOUNT SIZE OF RESPONDENTS

LARGE SAMPLE SIZES

Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify or confirm the correctness of the result in another setting. This strengthens the validity of the findings.

REPLICATION

Using complex math. calculations and with the aid of computers, scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results.

future outcomes

Objective

Strength

use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.

Strengthen

1. numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. (use of excel)

strength

replicable

strength

requires a large number of respondents.

weakness

costly

weakness

not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further information unlike the qualitative research.

weakness

Info. are difficult to gather using structured research instruments, specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others.

Weakness

If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers must be on the look out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the instrument

Weakness

• allows the researcher to control the situation. - concerned with the examination of the effect of IV on the DV, IV is manipulated through treatment or intervention(s), & the effect is DV.

Experimental Research

-conscious control of the IV by the researcher through treatment to observe effect on DV.

Manipulation

- conscious act of researcher, where he/she varies the IV & observes the effect that manipulation has on the DV of interest.

Manipulation

use of control group & controlling the effects of extraneous variables on the DV in which researcher is interested.

Control

- no experimental treatment or any intervention at all.

Control

every subject has equal chance of being assigned to experimental or study subjects on a random basis.

Randomization

- complete control over the extraneous variables & can predict confidently that the observed effect on the DV is only due to the manipulation of the IV.

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Composed of two randomly assigned group, i.e. experimental & control, but neither of which is pretested before the implementation of treatment on the experimental.

Post-test only design

subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group.

Pre-test Post-test Control Design

• involves the manipulation of IV to observe to effect on DV, but it lacks at least one of the two characteristics of the true experimental design; randomization or a control group. - may kulang na variable - used to establish the causality (effect of IV on DV)

Quasi Experiemental Research Design

similar to pre-test – post-test but there is no random assignment of subjects in experimental & control groups.

Non-equivalent control group design

experimenter wants to measure the effects of a treatment over a long period of time.

Time Series Design

provide a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population.

Survey Research

Systematic investigation of the nature of relationships or associations

Correlational Research

investigate causal relationships. examine whether one or more pre-existing condition could possibly cause subsequent differences in groups of subjects.

Causal Comparative Research

Comparing 2 or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared.

Comparative Research

form of disciplined and systematic inquiry that is carried out to arrive at an assessment or appraisal of an object.

Evaluate Research

measurable characteristic that changes in value. - May vary from one group to another group, one person to another or even with the same person over time.

VARIABLE

infinite number on the value that can occur within a population. ex. age, height, temperature

Continuous Variable

any variable that has a limited number of distinct values

Discrete/Categorical/Classificatory

no quantitative value. Ex. eye color, business type, religion,

NOMINAL

• variable that has two or more categories which can be ranked. Example: Educational attainment, lowest to highest. - performance, teaching position, colors (ROYGBIV)

ORDINAL

• measurement where the difference between two value does have meaning. - zero has no meaning ex. Intelligence Quotient, Temperature

Interval

Possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear definition of zero. - zero has meaning. - no negative ex. height, weight, distance

Ratio

probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes.

Independent Variable

depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable.

Dependent Variable

any other variable that could affect the dependent variable, but is not explicitly included in the experiment. ex. lighting or noise

Extraneous Variable

outside influence that changes the effect of a DV and IV. It is an extra variable entered into the equation that was not accounted for. - give effect to both IV and DV

Confounding Variable

Topics or problems are general questions about relations among variables, or characteristics of the phenomenon which a researcher needs to undertake.

Research Topic

1. Prevailing theories or philosophy 2. Observations, intuitions or combination of both 3. Different subjects taken and from them identify a problem that interest a student-researcher most. 4. Fields of interest or specialization or event from related fields 5. Existing problems in the classroom/campus/school/campus/university which one may want to solve are good sources of research problems 6. Existing needs of the community or society 7. Repetition or extension of investigations already conducted or may offshoot of studies underway 8. Related studies and literature 9. Advise of authorities or experts from funding agencies. 10. Offshoots of friendly conversations 11. Incidental from interesting topics of professors during the course meeting/session.

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC

1. t should be something new or different from what has already been written about. 2. It must be original 3. It should be significant to the field of study or discipline 4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity 5. It should be of researcher's interest and researcher must be with the topic. 6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried on within a limited period of time. 7. It should be clear, not ambiguous. 8. It should be specific, not general. 9. It should consider the training and personal qualifications of the researcher. 10. It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them. 11. It should consider the availability of effective instruments for gathering the data and their treatment. 12. It should consider the financial capacity of the researchers to support the project 13. It should consider the time factor involved in the undertaking.

SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC

summarizes the main idea or ideas of the study.

Research Title

1. The title must contain the following elements: a. subject matter or research problem; b. The setting or locale of the study; c. respondents or participants involved in the study d. time period when the study was conducted (if the title becomes too long because of these elements, the timeframe or period may be omitted except in evaluation studies. 2. The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of the study but should be brief and concise as possible. 3. The use of terms as “Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An Investigation of” and the like should be avoided. All these are understood to have been done in a research. 4. If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in inverted pyramid. 5. When typed or encoded in the title page, all words in the title should be in capital letters. 6. If possible, the title should not be longer than 15 substantive words. 7. Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much information. 8. To shorten the title, delete the terms “Assessment”, or “Evaluation” if these are already emphasized in the text.

Selected Guidelines in Formulation of Research Title

1. title should give readers information about the contents of the research and is preferable to one that is vague or general. 2. Titles do not need to be stuffy or dull, but they should generally give readers some idea at the outset of what the research paper will contain. 3. Choose a title that is a phrase rather than a complete sentence. 4. Select straightforward title over other kinds. 5. Use no punctuation at the end of the title. 6. Do not underline the title of research or enclose it in quotation marks, instead, use a word processing program or printer that permits italics. Use them in place of underlying.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE

• Introduction • Statement of the problem • Scope and delimitation • Significance of the study • Definition of terms

CHAPTER 1: The Problem and Its Setting

Foreign literature Local literature

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

• Research design • Research locale • Respondents of the study • Sample and sampling procedure • The instrument • Construction and validation of instrument • Administration and retrieval of instrument • Statistical treatment of data

Chapter III:

• Results • Discussion

Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis & Interpretation of Data

• Summary • Conclusion • Recommendations

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, & Recommendations

• List of references • Appendices • Questionnaire • Curriculum vitae

Other Parts of paper

includes information which would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem.

Introduction

has an essential role in finding for a solution to the research problem. It is an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue and is considered as an initial step in a research project. It directs you to the things you want to discover about the topic.

Research Question

single problem that serves as the centre of the study;

Focused

primary or secondary data should be available to support the study;

Researchable

enough to answer the problem and objective carefully;

Specific

vast explanation should be given and should not be answerable by a mere yes or no;

Complex

questions should be carried out within a time frame.

Feasible

Relevant

to field of study

used to describe a variable from the topic.

Descriptive

used to show the relationship between two involved variable in the study

Correlational

used to evaluate thoroughly a variable

Exploratory

used to explain the occurrence of situation from the variables in the study.

Explanatory

used to check for the outcome or effect of a variable to another variable.

Evaluation

parameters under which the study will be operating -- what the study covers -- and is closely connected to the framing of the problem - describes where and when the study is conducted and who the subjects are or the population included, and it also deals with the extent of the study to be made. - should be defined at a preliminary stage. It cannot be done in the later phase of doing the research as it creates a lot of uncertainty about the research goals - clear that the research would eventually not meet the expectations set by the research committee if the researcher fails to define the scope at the initial stage itself. Scope mean all those things that will be covered in your research project. - You may use the following phrases when writing this section (Barrot 2017, 36): • This study covers… • This study focuses on… • The coverage of this study… • This study consists of…

Scope and Delimitation

are constraints that are largely beyond the control of the researcher but could affect the study outcome - cannot be controlled by the researcher. It often flows from methodology and study design choices in which each different option in methodology and design has particular limitations. - examples of limitations are sample bias, insufficient sample size, lack of prior research studies on the topic, limited access to data, time constraints, cultural and other types of bias (Sacred Heart University Library 2020,1). Limitations are those things in research that you cannot do while delimitations are those things that you will not do in your study.

Limits

arise from limitations in the scope of the study (defining the boundaries) and by conscious exclusionary and inclusionary decisions made during the development of the study plan - You may use the following phrases when writing this section (Barrot 2017,36): • This study does not cover the… • This study is limited to… • The researcher limited this study to…

Delimitations

topic of investigation and the variables included

What

The locale, venue or settings of the research

Where

time frame in which the study will be conducted

When

general objectives of the study

Why

The subject of the study, characteristics of the participants in the study (age, sex, education, economic status, civil status, and other traits

Who

100

methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology and research instrument

How

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問題一覧

regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods.

RESEARCH

“research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

EARL ROBERT BOBBIE

the study of the nature of phenomena”, including “their quality, different manifestations, the context in which they appear or the perspectives from which they can be perceived”

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena using computational technique

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Results from social interaction

Quali

Exists in Physical World

Quanti

Explained by people’s objective desire

Quali

Revealed by automatic description of circumstances or conditions

Quanti

Subjective; sometimes personally engaged

Quanti

Objective; least involvement by researcher

Quali

Verbal language (words, visuals, objects)

Quali

Numerals, statistics

Quanti

Research Plan Takes place as the research proceeds gradually

Quali

Plans all research aspects before collecting data

Quanti

Desire to preserve the natural setting of research features

Quali

Control or manipulation of research conditions by the researcher

Quanti

Makes social intentions understandable

Quali

Evaluates objective and examine cause and effect relationship

Quanti

Thematic codal ways

Quali

Mathematically based methods

Quanti

purposive sampling or use of chosen samples based on some criteria

Quali

Random sampling most preferred

Quanti

seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Based on facts.

OBJECTIVE

researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions are well defined for which objective answers are sought.

CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Data are normally gathered using structured tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.

STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

NUMERICAL DATA

NEEDING AN AMOUNT SIZE OF RESPONDENTS

LARGE SAMPLE SIZES

Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify or confirm the correctness of the result in another setting. This strengthens the validity of the findings.

REPLICATION

Using complex math. calculations and with the aid of computers, scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results.

future outcomes

Objective

Strength

use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.

Strengthen

1. numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. (use of excel)

strength

replicable

strength

requires a large number of respondents.

weakness

costly

weakness

not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further information unlike the qualitative research.

weakness

Info. are difficult to gather using structured research instruments, specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others.

Weakness

If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers must be on the look out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the instrument

Weakness

• allows the researcher to control the situation. - concerned with the examination of the effect of IV on the DV, IV is manipulated through treatment or intervention(s), & the effect is DV.

Experimental Research

-conscious control of the IV by the researcher through treatment to observe effect on DV.

Manipulation

- conscious act of researcher, where he/she varies the IV & observes the effect that manipulation has on the DV of interest.

Manipulation

use of control group & controlling the effects of extraneous variables on the DV in which researcher is interested.

Control

- no experimental treatment or any intervention at all.

Control

every subject has equal chance of being assigned to experimental or study subjects on a random basis.

Randomization

- complete control over the extraneous variables & can predict confidently that the observed effect on the DV is only due to the manipulation of the IV.

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Composed of two randomly assigned group, i.e. experimental & control, but neither of which is pretested before the implementation of treatment on the experimental.

Post-test only design

subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group.

Pre-test Post-test Control Design

Quasi Experiemental Research Design

similar to pre-test – post-test but there is no random assignment of subjects in experimental & control groups.

Non-equivalent control group design

experimenter wants to measure the effects of a treatment over a long period of time.

Time Series Design

provide a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population.

Survey Research

Systematic investigation of the nature of relationships or associations

Correlational Research

investigate causal relationships. examine whether one or more pre-existing condition could possibly cause subsequent differences in groups of subjects.

Causal Comparative Research

Comparing 2 or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared.

Comparative Research

form of disciplined and systematic inquiry that is carried out to arrive at an assessment or appraisal of an object.

Evaluate Research

measurable characteristic that changes in value. - May vary from one group to another group, one person to another or even with the same person over time.

VARIABLE

infinite number on the value that can occur within a population. ex. age, height, temperature

Continuous Variable

any variable that has a limited number of distinct values

Discrete/Categorical/Classificatory

no quantitative value. Ex. eye color, business type, religion,

NOMINAL

• variable that has two or more categories which can be ranked. Example: Educational attainment, lowest to highest. - performance, teaching position, colors (ROYGBIV)

ORDINAL

• measurement where the difference between two value does have meaning. - zero has no meaning ex. Intelligence Quotient, Temperature

Interval

Possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear definition of zero. - zero has meaning. - no negative ex. height, weight, distance

Ratio

probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes.

Independent Variable

depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the independent variable.

Dependent Variable

any other variable that could affect the dependent variable, but is not explicitly included in the experiment. ex. lighting or noise

Extraneous Variable

outside influence that changes the effect of a DV and IV. It is an extra variable entered into the equation that was not accounted for. - give effect to both IV and DV

Confounding Variable

Topics or problems are general questions about relations among variables, or characteristics of the phenomenon which a researcher needs to undertake.

Research Topic

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC

SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC

summarizes the main idea or ideas of the study.

Research Title

Selected Guidelines in Formulation of Research Title

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE

• Introduction • Statement of the problem • Scope and delimitation • Significance of the study • Definition of terms

CHAPTER 1: The Problem and Its Setting

Foreign literature Local literature

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

Chapter III:

• Results • Discussion

Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis & Interpretation of Data

• Summary • Conclusion • Recommendations

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, & Recommendations

• List of references • Appendices • Questionnaire • Curriculum vitae

Other Parts of paper

includes information which would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem.

Introduction

Research Question

single problem that serves as the centre of the study;

Focused

primary or secondary data should be available to support the study;

Researchable

enough to answer the problem and objective carefully;

Specific

vast explanation should be given and should not be answerable by a mere yes or no;

Complex

questions should be carried out within a time frame.

Feasible

Relevant

to field of study

used to describe a variable from the topic.

Descriptive

used to show the relationship between two involved variable in the study

Correlational

used to evaluate thoroughly a variable

Exploratory

used to explain the occurrence of situation from the variables in the study.

Explanatory

used to check for the outcome or effect of a variable to another variable.

Evaluation

Scope and Delimitation

Limits

Delimitations

topic of investigation and the variables included

What

The locale, venue or settings of the research

Where

time frame in which the study will be conducted

When

general objectives of the study

Why

The subject of the study, characteristics of the participants in the study (age, sex, education, economic status, civil status, and other traits

Who

100

methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology and research instrument

How