refers to physical disintegration resulting from the effects of wind, rain, running water, ice and frost wedging, tectonic forces.

rock decomposition due to chemical reactions in the rock that occurs from exposure to atmosphere, temperature changes, water, or other materials

this have formed from the weathering of rock or accumulation of organic material and remain at the location of their origin.

materials that have been moved from their place of origin.

capable of transporting aggregate particles on limited distances only; either downhill or mountain slopes (colluvial deposits)

moves small particles rolling or carrying them - known as aeolian deposits

examples of wind transported soil

good source of sand for some construction purposes but may not be highly suitable for all construction purposes if of uniform size and rounded

deposits of wind-blown silts laid down in a loose condition that has been retained because of particle-bonding or cementing minerals - poor foundation material since settlement or subsidence results if subjected to excessive water and severe ground vibrations.

has mineral characteristics of igneous rocks - greatly affected by weathering agents

moving sheets of ice - present in the polar region

- moving considerable volume of soil by carrying the particles in suspension or by - rolling, sliding and skipping them along the river bottom - known as alluvial deposits

- soil formations remaining at the location of former lake areas - weak, compressible and make poor foundation

- soil deposits carried by flowing water to seas and oceans - weak and compressible therefore poor foundation material

- predominantly sand materials - marine sands are rounded and smooth and of uniform size - corrosion potential due to salinity may affect their usefulness for certain construction purposes - ideal for waterfront and marine structures because excavation is uncomplicated and transportation economical

- are developed in stagnated areas where limited depths of water accumulate, or where periodic inundation and drying occurs because of fluctuations in the groundwater level and vegetation has a chance to grow - soils are of high organic content, soft and odoriferous - weak and highly compressible

Example of Swamps and Marsh deposits:

relates to the technique of using burial methods for disposing of solid waste resulting from human activities

these are grained particles - individual particles are large enough to be distinguished without magnification.

rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with an average dimension of 305 mm (12") or more

rock fragment, usually rounded or semi-rounded, with an average dimension of 305 mm (12") or more

- 200 mm - 2.00 mm - 75 mm - 2.00 mm general limit - for highway engineering

- 2.00 mm - 0.075 mm shape: rounded, sub-angular or angular

particles are so small that its size cannot be distinguished by the naked eye

- 0.075 mm - 0.002 mm - has a smooth texture - it possesses little or no cohesion

- derived from chemical weathering - 0.002 mm - 0.001 mm - soil can be remolded or deformed without causing cracking, breaking, or change in volume and will retain the remolded shape. - texture is smooth - cohesive and plastic when wet

- those soils particularly fine-grained which contain small fragments of decomposed vegetation and decayed animals

a relatively dense fibrous soil containing a more oxidized organic matter - geologically older than peat

- a fibrous soil containing partially decomposed vegetation - normally spongy and relatively light

contains finely divided organic matter

- particle dimensions are approximately equal developed into angular, sub-angular and rounded shape - angular particles possess better engineering properties - sand, gravel and silt possess this shape

- extremely thin compared to length and width - clay minerals possess this shape

- shape similar to a needle

- refers to the pattern of arrangement to the soil particles.