He mentioned that simple invertebrates could come from spontaneous generation.

In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.

The results of his investigation invalidated the long- held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things.

He observed that the sealed flask with boiled mutton broth became cloudy after standing.

He asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life.

He improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth that was transferred into a sealed jar

He observed that no growth took place as long as the flasks remained sealed.

He proposed that air transports microorganisms into the culture medium.

He concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham's concoction after they were boiled.

He challenged the concept of spontaneous generation with biogenesis.

He observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube.

They noticed that no growth took place after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask with heat-sterilized culture medium

He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

He proved that while the air does not generate microbes, microorganisms are indeed present and can contaminate a sterile solution.

He provided evidences that microorganisms could not originate from "mystical forces" present in non-living materials.

He developed the vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885).

He improved the wine-making processes by introducing the concept of fermentation and "pasteurization"

He showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth.

is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for three consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores.

He discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores.

Heat resistant structures

He showed the importance of oxygen to life.

Explained that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

Described that certain microorganisms known as yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air, a process known as fermentation

Stated that the souring and spoilage of wine are caused by different bacteria

He also proved that in the presence of air, bacteria convert the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar or acetic acid.

Suggested the minimal heating of beers and wines that is sufficient to kill most of the bacteria also known as pasteurization.

He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases.

He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery.

He pioneered in promoting among surgeons the handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilizing of surgical instruments, and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing.

He was first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases.

He discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, in 1876.

He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1882

He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein.

He developed a culture medium for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body.

Koch Postulates

Causative agent for Anthrax

Causative agent of Pulmonary tuberculosis

He introduced the use of culture media.

She suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media.

He developed the Petri dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media.

They developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media.

He introduced the concept of vaccination

He collected scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer by scratching it person's arm with a pox-contaminated needle.

Used the term "vaccine" for an attenuated culture.

Made a series of experiments to produce attenuated strains of bacteria.

They were able to prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a healthy host, the latter remains protected against the virulent agent.

He created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur.

He prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus.

He was the first to describe the cells of the immune system and the process of phagocytosis.

He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics.

He was regarded as the "Father of Antibiotics" by some historians because he discovered antimicrobials before the hype of penicillin.

He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillium notatum).

He discovered the lysozyme.

They made the purification process for penicillin and the clinical trials to humans.

He was the first to propose the correct biochemical structure of penicillin.

He discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for the treatment of syphilis.

Treatment for syphilis

It is the use of chemical substances in the treatment of diseases.

It also refers to the chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer.

Responsible for conversion of sugars to alcohol

Antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing

First culture mediums

A solidifying agent, in the preparation of culture media

A circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media

Selman Walsman discovered these two antibiotics

Alexander Fleming discovered

Types of Microorganism

Microorganism can be classified as

Microorganisms composed of cells may be unicellular (one celled) or multicellular (cell colony)

Examples of Cellular Microorganism

Lacking cells

Example of Acellular

Can cause agricultural crises

Mad cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Infections pathogens infecting plants

Transmissible pathogenic agents that can trigger normally healthy proteins in the brain to fold abnormally.

Mad cow disease is also known as

A progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by a prion.

Disease affecting nerve cells in the brain, causing mental, physical, and sensory disturbances such as dementia and seizures

Cell theory is developed by

3 tenets of Cell theory

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cell

Examples of Prokaryotic Cell

Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cell

Two features of Prokaryotic cells that are immediately visible under the microscope upon optic examination

Benefits of small size of prokaryotes

Size of Prokaryotes

Size of Bacteria

Shapes of Bacteria

Arangement of Bacteria

Division of Bacteria

Bacterial cell wall forms

Sphere shape bacteria

Rod shaped bacteria

Spiral shaped bacteria

Example of Spirochetes

Causative agent of Leptospirosis

Causative agent of Syphilis