Researchers can produce respiration-deficient yeast mutants (p": "petites") from wild-type parents by treatment with mutagenic agents. The mutants lack cytochrome oxidase, a deficit that markedly affects their metabolic behavior. One striking effect is that fermentation is not suppressed by O, that is, the mutants lack the Pasteur effect. Some companies are very interested in using these mutants to ferment wood chips to ethanol for energy use. What is the advantage of using these mutants rather than wild-type yeast for large-scale ethanol production?

Researchers can produce respiration-deficient yeast mutants (p": "petites") from wild-type parents by treatment with mutagenic agents. The mutants lack cytochrome oxidase, a deficit that markedly affects their metabolic behavior. One striking effect is that fermentation is not suppressed by O, that is, the mutants lack the Pasteur effect. Some companies are very interested in using these mutants to ferment wood chips to ethanol for energy use. Why does the absence of cytochrome oxidase eliminate the Pasteur effect?

What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

Complex 1, also called NADH dehydrogenase, is an entry point for electrons to the electron transport chain. Complex I transfers electrons from NADH to Q. The reduction of Q is linked to the active transport of protons out of the matrix. How many protons does complex I pump into the intermembrane space?

Identify the electron transport chain complex that does not pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

ATP synthase, shown in the image, uses the proton (H+) gradient to drive ATP synthesis. Put the steps of ATP synthesis in order transport to the synthesis of ATP 앞단어로 적기

Although ATP synthesis requires both ADP and P₁, the rate of synthesis depends mainly on the concentration of ADP, not P₁. Why?

Compare the likely tales for the adjustments in respiratory rate caused by increased [ADP] and reduced po₂. What accounts for the difference? Under conditions of increased [ADP], the resulting ______________ in respiratory rate is limited by the rate of diffusion of ADP. Thus, the response occurs in ___________ 들어갈것 고르기

Compare the likely tales for the adjustments in respiratory rate caused by increased [ADP] and reduced po₂. What accounts for the difference? Under conditions of decreased pO₂, the adjustment to ____________requires a change in the concentration of several proteins. The time scale for protein synthesis and degradation is typically ___________.

electron transport inhibitors

Uncouping agents, ionophores

ATP synthase inhibitors

Transport inhibtors

A diagram of the reactions of the first round of fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) is shown. How many cycles of the synthesis pathway are needed to produce myristic acid, C13H27COOH? number of cycles:

The biosynthesis of palmitoleate, a common unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond in the 델타9 position, uses palmitate as a precursor. Can palmitoleate synthesis be carried out under strictly anaerobic conditions? Why or why not?

In the biosynthesis of complex lipids, components are assembled by transfer of the appropriate group from an activated donor. For example, the activated donor of acetyl groups is acetyl-CoA. Match each of the groups with the form of the activated donor the two carbon group in fattyacidnbiosynthesis

How many times do these four steps repeat to elongate malonyl-CoA into a 12-carbon fatty acid? number of reaction cycles:

Which enzyme directly generates the majority of the acetyl-CoA used in fatty acid synthesis?

Cholesterol in humans can be obtained from the diet or synthesized de novo. Andult human on a low-cholesterol diet typically synthesizes 600 mg of cholesterol per day in the liver. If the amount of cholesterol in the diet is large, de novo synthesis of cholesterol is drastically reduced. How is this regulation brought about?

identify the Metabolic precursor of alanine

identify the Metabolic precursor of asparagine

identify the Metabolic precursor of glycine

The metabolic amino acid ornithine is a direct precursor of the polyamine putrescine, shown here. HN-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-NH + Putrescine sequent reactions convert putrescine to spermine and spermidine. What type of reaction is required to convert ornithine to putrescine?

The metabolic amino acid ornithine is a direct precursor of the polyamine putrescine, shown here. HN-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-NH + Putrescine sequent reactions convert putrescine to spermine and spermidine. What enzymatic cofactor is needed to convert ornithine to putrescine?

Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively. Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant. !glycine auxotrophs!

Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively. Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant. !glutamine auxotrophs!

Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively. Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant. !aspartate nucleotides!

De novo nucleotide synthesis differs for purine and pyrimidine bases. However, some molecules are important precursors and intermediates in both pathways. Which intermediates are common to both purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis?

Purine bases, which have two rings, have a more complex synthetic pathway than do pyrimidine bases, which have one ring. As a result, purine synthesis requires more components than pyrimidine synthesis. Which amino acids contribute atoms to the purine structure in de novo purine synthesis?