생화학 19,21,22장 퀘뱅
問題一覧
1
Researchers can produce respiration-deficient yeast mutants (p": "petites") from wild-type parents by treatment with mutagenic agents. The mutants lack cytochrome oxidase, a deficit that markedly affects their metabolic behavior. One striking effect is that fermentation is not suppressed by O, that is, the mutants lack the Pasteur effect. Some companies are very interested in using these mutants to ferment wood chips to ethanol for energy use.
What is the advantage of using these mutants rather than wild-type yeast for large-scale ethanol production?
The mutants can produce ethanol in the presence of oxygen, whereas wild-type yeasts cannot.
2
Researchers can produce respiration-deficient yeast mutants (p": "petites") from wild-type parents by treatment with mutagenic agents. The mutants lack cytochrome oxidase, a deficit that markedly affects their metabolic behavior. One striking effect is that fermentation is not suppressed by O, that is, the mutants lack the Pasteur effect. Some companies are very interested in using these mutants to ferment wood chips to ethanol for energy use.
Why does the absence of cytochrome oxidase eliminate the Pasteur effect?
Cells lacks cytochrome oxidase cannot switch from fermentation to aerobic respiration.
3
What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
It transports an electron from complex III to complex IV.
4
Complex 1, also called NADH dehydrogenase, is an entry point for electrons to the electron transport chain. Complex I transfers electrons from NADH to Q. The reduction of Q is linked to the active transport of protons out of the matrix.
How many protons does complex I pump into the intermembrane space?
four
5
Identify the electron transport chain complex that does not pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex II
6
ATP synthase, shown in the image, uses the proton (H+) gradient to drive ATP synthesis. Put the steps of ATP synthesis in order transport to the synthesis of ATP
앞단어로 적기
protons -> as -> the -> the -> each
7
Although ATP synthesis requires both ADP and P₁, the rate of synthesis depends mainly on the concentration of ADP, not P₁. Why?
The steady-state concentration of P, in the cell is much higher than that of ADP.
8
Compare the likely tales for the adjustments in respiratory rate caused by increased [ADP] and reduced po₂. What accounts for the difference?
Under conditions of increased [ADP], the resulting ______________ in respiratory rate is limited by the rate of diffusion of ADP. Thus, the response occurs in ___________
들어갈것 고르기
increase, fractions of milisecond
9
Compare the likely tales for the adjustments in respiratory rate caused by increased [ADP] and reduced po₂. What accounts for the difference?
Under conditions of decreased pO₂, the adjustment to ____________requires a change in the concentration of several proteins. The time scale for protein synthesis and degradation is typically ___________.
hypoxia, seconds to hours
10
electron transport inhibitors
cyanide, antimycin
11
Uncouping agents, ionophores
DNP
12
ATP synthase inhibitors
oligomycin
13
Transport inhibtors
atractyloside
14
A diagram of the reactions of the first round of fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) is shown. How many cycles of the synthesis pathway are needed to produce myristic acid, C13H27COOH?
number of cycles:
6
15
The biosynthesis of palmitoleate, a common unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond in the 델타9 position, uses palmitate as a precursor.
Can palmitoleate synthesis be carried out under strictly anaerobic conditions? Why or why not?
No, fatty acyl-CoA desaturase requires oxygen as a substrate in the reaction to introduce the double bond in palmitoleate.
16
In the biosynthesis of complex lipids, components are assembled by transfer of the appropriate group from an activated donor. For example, the activated donor of acetyl groups is acetyl-CoA.
Match each of the groups with the form of the activated donor
the two carbon group in fattyacidnbiosynthesis
malonyl-CoA
17
How many times do these four steps repeat to elongate malonyl-CoA into a 12-carbon fatty acid?
number of reaction cycles:
5
18
Which enzyme directly generates the majority of the acetyl-CoA used in fatty acid synthesis?
ATP-citrate lyase
19
Cholesterol in humans can be obtained from the diet or synthesized de novo. Andult human on a low-cholesterol diet typically synthesizes 600 mg of cholesterol per day in the liver. If the amount of cholesterol in the diet is large, de novo synthesis of cholesterol is drastically reduced.
How is this regulation brought about?
The enzyme that catalyzes the rate-determining reaction in cholesterol biosynthesis, B-hydroxy-p-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, is subject to negative feedback regulation by downstream modulators and to covalent and transcriptional regulation.
20
identify the Metabolic precursor of alanine
pyruvate
21
identify the Metabolic precursor of asparagine
aspartate
22
identify the Metabolic precursor of glycine
serine
23
The metabolic amino acid ornithine is a direct precursor of the polyamine putrescine, shown here.
HN-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-NH +
Putrescine
sequent reactions convert putrescine to spermine and spermidine.
What type of reaction is required to convert ornithine to putrescine?
decarboxylation
24
The metabolic amino acid ornithine is a direct precursor of the polyamine putrescine, shown here.
HN-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-NH +
Putrescine
sequent reactions convert putrescine to spermine and spermidine.
What enzymatic cofactor is needed to convert ornithine to putrescine?
pyridoxal phosphate
25
Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively.
Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant.
!glycine auxotrophs!
adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides
26
Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively.
Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant.
!glutamine auxotrophs!
adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides, cytosine nucleptides
27
Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to
synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively.
Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant.
!aspartate nucleotides!
adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides, cytosine nucleotides, uridine nucleotides
28
De novo nucleotide synthesis differs for purine and pyrimidine bases. However, some molecules are important precursors and intermediates in both pathways.
Which intermediates are common to both purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis?
aspartate, PRPP
29
Purine bases, which have two rings, have a more complex synthetic pathway than do pyrimidine bases, which have one ring. As a result, purine synthesis requires more components than pyrimidine synthesis.
Which amino acids contribute atoms to the purine structure in de novo purine synthesis?
aspartate, glycine, glutamine
생화학 16,17,18장
생화학 16,17,18장
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19問 • 1年前問題一覧
1
Researchers can produce respiration-deficient yeast mutants (p": "petites") from wild-type parents by treatment with mutagenic agents. The mutants lack cytochrome oxidase, a deficit that markedly affects their metabolic behavior. One striking effect is that fermentation is not suppressed by O, that is, the mutants lack the Pasteur effect. Some companies are very interested in using these mutants to ferment wood chips to ethanol for energy use.
What is the advantage of using these mutants rather than wild-type yeast for large-scale ethanol production?
The mutants can produce ethanol in the presence of oxygen, whereas wild-type yeasts cannot.
2
Researchers can produce respiration-deficient yeast mutants (p": "petites") from wild-type parents by treatment with mutagenic agents. The mutants lack cytochrome oxidase, a deficit that markedly affects their metabolic behavior. One striking effect is that fermentation is not suppressed by O, that is, the mutants lack the Pasteur effect. Some companies are very interested in using these mutants to ferment wood chips to ethanol for energy use.
Why does the absence of cytochrome oxidase eliminate the Pasteur effect?
Cells lacks cytochrome oxidase cannot switch from fermentation to aerobic respiration.
3
What is the function of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
It transports an electron from complex III to complex IV.
4
Complex 1, also called NADH dehydrogenase, is an entry point for electrons to the electron transport chain. Complex I transfers electrons from NADH to Q. The reduction of Q is linked to the active transport of protons out of the matrix.
How many protons does complex I pump into the intermembrane space?
four
5
Identify the electron transport chain complex that does not pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex II
6
ATP synthase, shown in the image, uses the proton (H+) gradient to drive ATP synthesis. Put the steps of ATP synthesis in order transport to the synthesis of ATP
앞단어로 적기
protons -> as -> the -> the -> each
7
Although ATP synthesis requires both ADP and P₁, the rate of synthesis depends mainly on the concentration of ADP, not P₁. Why?
The steady-state concentration of P, in the cell is much higher than that of ADP.
8
Compare the likely tales for the adjustments in respiratory rate caused by increased [ADP] and reduced po₂. What accounts for the difference?
Under conditions of increased [ADP], the resulting ______________ in respiratory rate is limited by the rate of diffusion of ADP. Thus, the response occurs in ___________
들어갈것 고르기
increase, fractions of milisecond
9
Compare the likely tales for the adjustments in respiratory rate caused by increased [ADP] and reduced po₂. What accounts for the difference?
Under conditions of decreased pO₂, the adjustment to ____________requires a change in the concentration of several proteins. The time scale for protein synthesis and degradation is typically ___________.
hypoxia, seconds to hours
10
electron transport inhibitors
cyanide, antimycin
11
Uncouping agents, ionophores
DNP
12
ATP synthase inhibitors
oligomycin
13
Transport inhibtors
atractyloside
14
A diagram of the reactions of the first round of fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) is shown. How many cycles of the synthesis pathway are needed to produce myristic acid, C13H27COOH?
number of cycles:
6
15
The biosynthesis of palmitoleate, a common unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond in the 델타9 position, uses palmitate as a precursor.
Can palmitoleate synthesis be carried out under strictly anaerobic conditions? Why or why not?
No, fatty acyl-CoA desaturase requires oxygen as a substrate in the reaction to introduce the double bond in palmitoleate.
16
In the biosynthesis of complex lipids, components are assembled by transfer of the appropriate group from an activated donor. For example, the activated donor of acetyl groups is acetyl-CoA.
Match each of the groups with the form of the activated donor
the two carbon group in fattyacidnbiosynthesis
malonyl-CoA
17
How many times do these four steps repeat to elongate malonyl-CoA into a 12-carbon fatty acid?
number of reaction cycles:
5
18
Which enzyme directly generates the majority of the acetyl-CoA used in fatty acid synthesis?
ATP-citrate lyase
19
Cholesterol in humans can be obtained from the diet or synthesized de novo. Andult human on a low-cholesterol diet typically synthesizes 600 mg of cholesterol per day in the liver. If the amount of cholesterol in the diet is large, de novo synthesis of cholesterol is drastically reduced.
How is this regulation brought about?
The enzyme that catalyzes the rate-determining reaction in cholesterol biosynthesis, B-hydroxy-p-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, is subject to negative feedback regulation by downstream modulators and to covalent and transcriptional regulation.
20
identify the Metabolic precursor of alanine
pyruvate
21
identify the Metabolic precursor of asparagine
aspartate
22
identify the Metabolic precursor of glycine
serine
23
The metabolic amino acid ornithine is a direct precursor of the polyamine putrescine, shown here.
HN-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-NH +
Putrescine
sequent reactions convert putrescine to spermine and spermidine.
What type of reaction is required to convert ornithine to putrescine?
decarboxylation
24
The metabolic amino acid ornithine is a direct precursor of the polyamine putrescine, shown here.
HN-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-NH +
Putrescine
sequent reactions convert putrescine to spermine and spermidine.
What enzymatic cofactor is needed to convert ornithine to putrescine?
pyridoxal phosphate
25
Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively.
Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant.
!glycine auxotrophs!
adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides
26
Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively.
Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant.
!glutamine auxotrophs!
adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides, cytosine nucleptides
27
Wild-type E. coli cells can synthesize all 20 common amino acids, but some mutants, called amino acid auxotrophs, are unable to
synthesize a specific amino acid and require its addition to the culture medium for optimal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, some amino acids are also precursors for other nitrogenous cell products. Consider the three amino acid auxotrophs that are unable to synthesize glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, respectively.
Match each nitrogenous product with the mutant or mutants that would fail to synthesize it. Each mutant may fail to synthesize more than one nitrogenous product, and some nitrogenous products may fail to be synthesized by more than one mutant.
!aspartate nucleotides!
adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides, cytosine nucleotides, uridine nucleotides
28
De novo nucleotide synthesis differs for purine and pyrimidine bases. However, some molecules are important precursors and intermediates in both pathways.
Which intermediates are common to both purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis?
aspartate, PRPP
29
Purine bases, which have two rings, have a more complex synthetic pathway than do pyrimidine bases, which have one ring. As a result, purine synthesis requires more components than pyrimidine synthesis.
Which amino acids contribute atoms to the purine structure in de novo purine synthesis?
aspartate, glycine, glutamine