A. Anabolic steroids can increase muscle mass but may lead to liver damage and other health issues. B. Anabolic steroids improve muscle mass with no significant side effects when used appropriately. C. Anabolic steroids decrease muscle mass, making them effective for weight loss. D. Anabolic steroids are primarily used to improve cognitive function in elderly patients.

A. Increasing insulin production with metformin to better manage diabetes mellitus type 2. B. Enhancing calcium absorption with alendronate to treat osteoporosis more effectively. C. Reducing the overproduction of cortisol with ketoconazole to manage symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. D. Boosting immune system activity with echinacea to help fight off viral infections more efficiently.

A Severe joint and muscle pain. B. Increased risk of blood clots. C. Rapid increase in blood sugar levels. D. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

A It does not peak and consistently controls blood sugar levels throughout the day, usually administered once daily. B. Short-acting insulin typically starts working within 30 minutes, peaks in 2 to 3 hours, and lasts for 5 to 8 hours. C This insulin type has a gradual onset, peaking in 6 to 10 hours, and maintains effectiveness for about 16 to 24 hours. D. It begins to lower blood sugar levels about 15 minutes after injection, peaking in 1 hour and lasting up to 4 hours.

A. DPP-4 inhibitors primarily prevent the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, leading to lower blood glucose levels post-meal. B. DPP-4 inhibitors decrease blood sugar levels by significantly increasing glucose excretion through urine. C. DPP-4 inhibitors directly replace insulin in the body, thus helping to control blood glucose levels throughout the day. D. DPP-4 inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme DPP-4, which increases the levels of incretin hormones, thereby enhancing the release of insulin and decreasing glucagon levels after meals.

A. Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea or diarrhea, and report persistent symptoms to the healthcare provider. B. Expect immediate results in blood glucose levels within the first few days of taking the medication. C. Take the medication on an empty stomach to enhance its absorption and effectiveness. D. Increase intake of sodium and potassium-rich foods to counteract the diuretic effect of metformin.

A. Gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and diarrhea, especially when starting the medication. B. Increased heart rate and palpitations that may require discontinuation of the medication. C. Severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency medical intervention. D. Significant weight gain, often necessitating dietary adjustments and increased physical activity.

A. Hypertension and increased heart rate. Examples of medications causing these effects include pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) and albuterol (Proventil). B. Hyperkalemia and elevated blood glucose levels. Examples include medications like spironolactone (Aldactone) and prednisone (Deltasone). C. Neuromuscular blockade and muscle weakness. Examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex). D. Respiratory depression and sedation. Examples include opioids like morphine (MS Contin) and benzodiazepines like diazepam (Valium).

A. Significant weight gain B. Elevated liver enzymes C. Severe headaches and migraines D. Increased risk of urinary tract infections

A. It begins to work within 30 minutes, peaks around 3 hours, and its effects wear off in about 5 to 8 hours. B. It acts immediately, peaking in 2 to 3 hours, and requires multiple injections throughout the day to maintain glucose control. C. This insulin type has a rapid onset of action, peaking in under an hour, and needs to be administered several times a day. D. Long-acting insulin starts working several hours after injection and maintains a steady effect with no peak, lasting up to 24 hours.

A. Advise the patient to perform regular self-exams of the feet. B. Check the patient’s temperature every 30 minutes. C. Monitor the patient for signs of thromboembolic events. D. Ensure the patient consumes a low-fat diet.

A. The main action of COX-1 inhibitors is to stimulate the secretion of protective mucus in the respiratory tract, aiding in the treatment of asthma. B COX-1 inhibitors are used to directly lower blood sugar levels by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas. C. COX-1 inhibitors primarily act to reduce the production of prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining, thus they are used with caution due to potential gastrointestinal side effects. D. These inhibitors increase the production of enzymes that break down fats and proteins to enhance digestive processes.

A. Increase intake of fatty foods, reduce physical activity, and avoid drinking water two hours post-injection. B. Sleep no more than 6 hours a night to prevent lethargy, and increase caffeine intake to manage fatigue. C . Report signs of infection, monitor blood glucose levels, and avoid close contact with people who are sick. D Discontinue medication immediately if mild pain occurs at the injection site, and use heat to relieve the pain.

A. Encourage a high-carbohydrate diet to counteract potential side effects. B Advise her to skip doses if experiencing mild nausea. C. Regularly monitor blood glucose levels and watch for signs of hypoglycemia. D. Increase the frequency of neurological assessments.

A. Insufficient sleep affecting the body's metabolism. B. Chronic stress leading to increased cortisol production C. Insufficient food intake relative to his diabetes medication. D. Overexertion during physical activities without adequate hydration.

A Rapid weight gain. B. Nausea and vomiting. C. Increased urination frequency. D. Severe headache and dizziness.

A. Insulin B. Metformin C. Glipizide D. Glucagon

A. This medication binds directly to steroid molecules, neutralizing them and preventing their natural biological effects. B. Ketoconazole enhances the uptake of steroids by cells, increasing their effectiveness and reducing symptoms rapidly. c. Ketoconazole inhibits enzymes involved in steroid synthesis, thereby reducing the production of cortisol and other steroids. D. Ketoconazole stimulates the adrenal gland to produce alternative non-steroidal hormones that compensate for reduced steroid levels.

A. Adrenal insufficiency, which can present as fatigue, dizziness, and nausea. B. Occasional muscle cramps that can be managed through diet adjustments. C. Mild headache that resolves with over-the-counter pain relievers. D. Increased sensitivity to sunlight, requiring the use of sunscreen.

A. They block the production of corticosteroids in the adrenal glands, leading to decreased blood sugar levels. B. They prevent corticosteroids from binding to their receptors, reducing inflammation and immune responses. C. They enhance the binding of corticosteroids to their receptors, increasing inflammation and immune responses. D. They facilitate the release of corticosteroids into the bloodstream, thereby speeding up metabolism.

A. Shakiness and sweating. B. Persistent cough and sore throat. C. Swelling and redness in the lower extremities. D Elevated temperature and flushed skin.

B. These agents increase the calcium ion concentration inside bacterial cells, which interferes with the function of energy-dependent transport mechanisms. While this does not directly stop the production of ATP, it disrupts the cell's ability to utilize the energy efficiently. Examples include aminoglycosides like gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex). C. Antibacterial drugs that interfere with energy production do so by enhancing the synthesis of ATP, which paradoxically leads to an overproduction that the bacterial cell cannot manage. This disrupts cellular metabolism and causes an imbalance that can lead to cell death. Examples include quinine and chloroquine (Aralen) D. Drugs targeting energy production work by forming complex structures within the cytoplasm that physically block the movement of ATP molecules, preventing them from reaching and powering necessary cellular functions. This leads to an energy crisis within the cell and eventually cell death. Examples include polymyxins like colistin and polymyxin B.

A. Increased appetite and weight gain, typically manageable through diet and exercise. B. Liver toxicity, which may require regular monitoring of liver function tests. C. Temporary hair loss, often reversible and non-threatening to overall health. D. Mild headache and nausea, which are common and usually resolve without intervention.

A. It is crucial to emphasize the importance of reporting any signs of hearing loss, dizziness, or increased urination to the healthcare provider. Examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin (Garamycin) and tobramycin (Tobrex). B. It is necessary to instruct the client to take aminoglycoside antibiotics with food to minimize gastrointestinal discomfort. Examples include metronidazole (Flagyl) and erythromycin (E.E.S.). C. It is important to inform the client about the potential side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, that may occur with aminoglycoside use. Examples of medications causing these effects include amoxicillin (Amoxil) and azithromycin (Zithromax). D. It is essential to educate the client about the need to complete the full course of aminoglycoside antibiotics, even if symptoms improve. Examples include penicillin (Penicillin VK) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro).

A. It can impair sperm production due to increased testicular temperature. B. It causes changes in hormone levels that increase fertility. C. It leads to the production of antibodies against sperm. D. It increases the risk of developing urinary tract infections that affect fertility

C. Hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid produces an excess of hormones. D. Non-toxic goiter, where the thyroid gland is enlarged but functions normally.