問題一覧
1
Digitalis lanata
Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor
2
Atropine belladonna
blocks muscarinic AChR
3
Amanita phalloides
inhibits RNA polymerase
4
Cholera vibrio
activates Ga5 proteins
5
Bordetella pertussis
inhibits Ga i/o proteins
6
Clostridium botulinum
inhibits synaptic protein
7
Green mamba snakes
block k+ channels
8
Funnel web spider
block Ca2+ channels
9
Puffer fish
blocks Na+ channels
10
Frog (Dendrobates) skin
Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor
11
Organ-directed toxicity (6)
Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, GI toxicity, Teeth discoloration , Retardation of bone growth, Cardiotoxicity
12
Mechanisms of action of toxins (6)
Receptors , Organ-directed toxicity, Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, Teratogenicity, Biochemical pathway toxins, Allergic response
13
Synthetic source of drug (example)
Chemical synthesis (Aspirin)
14
What is NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
15
Biosynthesis of drugs
Human insulin production
16
Two core components of drug formulation
Active pharmaceutical ingredient, Excipient
17
Factors affecting duration of drug in the body (8)
Physico-chemical properties of drug, Dosage form, Excipients, Site of absorption of the administered drug, Co-administration of other drugs, Types of food taken by the patients, Age and genetic composition of the patient, Disease state of the patient may affect ADME profile of drugs
18
Types of drugs (4)
Prescription of drugs, Non-prescription drugs, Recreational drugs, Food supplements
19
Sources of drugs (3)
Natural, Synthetic, Biosynthetic
20
Natural sources of drugs (4)
Plant (Opioid), Animal (Heparin), Microorganisms (Antibiotics), Inorganic compounds (Zinc oxide)
21
Purpose of drugs
Diagnosis of diseases, Prevention of diseases, Control or cure of diseases
22
The Molecular weight of small molecules drugs
smaller than 500 KDa
23
Chemical bonds or forces (3)
Covalent bond, Hydrophobic interaction, Electrostatic force
24
What is HTS
High-throughput screening
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Pharmacokinetics (4)
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
26
Routes of drug administration (9)
Oral, Sublingual , Rectal, Inhalation, Topical, Transdermal, Subcutaneous, Intravenous , Intramuscular
27
Factors affecting distribution (4)
The blood flow to the tissue, Solubility of the drug in the tissue, Binding of drug to macromolecules, The ability to cross special barriers
28
Biochemical pathway toxins （2examples)
Carbon monoxide, Cyanide
29
Dosage form of drugs (naturally effect)
Particle size, Chemical nature
30
Drug delivery system (5)
Oral, Parenteral, Nasal, Pulmonary, Transdermal
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Consideratons of drug delivery system
Phsico-chemical properties of drugs, Body effects and interaction, Improvement of drug effect, Patient comfort and well being
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Oxidation
losing electron
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Transporter that can reduces the therapeutic effect of drugs
Multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR1), Multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1)
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The non-ionized form
Lipid soluble
35
Component of transdermal devices
Drug, Drug release membrane, Contact adhesive, Backing
36
Extended-release metformin
Taken once daily with food, Only for adults, Fewer side effects such as diarrhea and vomiting
37
Immediate-release metformin
Taken twice daily, Treat type II diabetes in both adults and children, Never be crushed or broken