is life a costume party?

Constants, Changes, Challenges, Choices

Nexus of Nature and Culture

characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people

Includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another.

Enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person’s unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns

Socially consequential features of a person’s psychological makeup that distinguish him or her from other human beings.

Pertains to personality itself.

Pertains to development.

Factors that were determined at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythm

Preliminary results from the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) research give an indication that a better understanding of human personality and behaviour might come from the study of the brain.

involuntary functions can be consciously controlled through biofeedback techniques through electronic signals that are feedback from equipment that is wired to the body

The fact that a person is tall or short, fat or skinny, black or white will influence the person’s effect on others and this, in turn, will affect the self-concept.

The culture in which we are raised, early conditioning, norms prevailing within the family, friends, and social groups and other miscellaneous experiences that impact us

culture largely determines attitudes towards independence, aggression, competition, cooperation and a host of other human responses

It is the ______, and later the social group, which selects, interprets, and dispenses the culture.

probably has the most significant impact on early personality development.

under family factors The overall home environment created by the _____, in addition to their direct influence, is critical to personality development.

Socialization involves the process by which a person acquires, from the enormously wide range of behavioural potentialities that are open to him or her, those that are ultimately synthesized and absorbed

Socialization starts with the initial contact between a mother and her new infant.

Knowledge, skill and language are obviously acquired and represent important modifications of behavior. “Situation exerts an important press on the individual. It exercises constraints and may provide a push. In certain circumstances, it is not so much the kind of person a man is, as the kind of situation in which he is placed that determines his actions” -

Traditionally used to describe family relationships—for example, that a three-generation household includes grandparents, parents, and children.

It is now more commonly used to refer to social generations: those born around the same time who experienced roughly the same culture growing up

A worldview that places more emphasis on the individual self and values freedom, independence, and equality.

Technology makes individualism possible

Modern citizens have the time to focus on themselves and their own needs and desires because technology has relieved us of the drudgery of life.

Because of technology, it takes longer to grow up, and longer to grow older.

It is not about the pace of our everyday lives.

It is about when people reach milestones of adolescence, adulthood, and old age.

Slower life trajectories are all ultimately caused by technology: modern medical care (which lengthens life spans), birth control (allowing people to have fewer children), labor-saving devices (which slow aging), and a knowledge-based economy (which requires more years of education).

Emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind

Created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in several different ways: dreams, free association, slips of the tongue, etc.

mind is divided into three parts:

thoughts and feelings that can be brought into conscious awareness

thoughts and feelings we are currently aware of

hidden thoughts, desires, and memories that influence behavior

Stressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality

most influential idea is the concept of the unconscious mind, which posits that hidden thoughts, desires, and memories shape human behavior and personality.

Emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis, and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan

Erikson's most notable idea is the ______

Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types

he believes that the archetypes are layers of inherited memory, and they constitute the entirety of the human experience.

Jung rejected the theory of human psychological development, which suggests that people are born as a "blank slate"

archetypes are innate potentials that are expressed in human behavior and experiences

Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self -realization.

This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal

posits that humans are primarily motivated by social connectedness and a striving for superiority or success.

Focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world

She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent - child relationship

Humanistic psychology works with the assumption that human beings possess free will and can therefore be motivated to achieve their full potential.

Humanistic Perspective Major Theorists

Our self-perception is important because it affects our_____. ______ ______

Suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs

It is centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality

By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals.

are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a guide for human behavior