(1787-1853): Considered as the Father of Toxicology.

(1853-1914): Established the first scientific system of personal identification by a series of bodily measurements. It was later replaced by fingerprints in the early 1900s

(1833-1911): First to study fingerprints and classify them for filing

(1887 - 1954): Discovered that blood can be categorized into four groups.

(1891 1955): Determined the comparison of bullets in guns - Ballistics

(1858-1946): Developed principles of document examination.

(1916-2002): Developed advances in microscopic techniques to solve crimes and analyze evidence

(1847 1915): Studied and developed principles of criminal investigation

(1877-1966): Had a background in medicine and law, and was the first one to use scientific methods for criminal investigation.

What is ? ? is defined it as "The application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by the police agencies in a criminal justice system". ? deals with the application of the knowledge and methodology of various disciplines of science to legal matters. It involves the use of multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science and engineering for evidence analysis as well as Forensic Medicine (Legal Medicine). For instance, Physics is used to understand the pattern of of a a blood spatter, spatter, Biology to establish estab the source of an unidentified suspect, Chemistry to determine the composition of drugs, and Legal Medicine to establish the cause of death as well as the manner of death. Thus, the role of ? in criminal justice and the legal system is highly critical but is often underrated , also known as criminalistics, is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly on the criminal side during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

A ? is a lane search that is conducted by completing a lane search in one direction and then completing a lane search in a perpendicular direction. While it takes twice as long as a lane search, it provides a more thorough search of an area

A ? involves dividing the area to be searched into adjacent ?. The smaller the size of the ?, the more methodical the search can be. ? may be done by multiple searchers per ?.

? involves a ? into (inward) or out from (outward) a crime scene. A practical disadvantage with outward ? is the evidence may be destroyed as the searchers move to the center of the crime scene area to begin their outward search

? are accomplished by the searches walking in parallel along defined lanes in the same direction.

Three (3) tools of Investigation:

- is the identification/recognition

- is the act of gathering relevant information from possible sources aside from the crime scene.

- is an act of ensuring the physical and legal integrity or the credibility of the information or pieces of evidences gathered.

is the determination of the merit or the worth of the information or evidences to prosecute the suspect.

- The ? sketch is used when describing a small area that is not easily incorporated into the overall drawing due to the scale chosen for the rough or finished scale drawing. This is especially useful for large crime scenes.

is the knowledge which the investigator gathered and acquired from other persons

such as records and files of the police, company records, civic spirited citizens;

such as paid informants, bartenders, cab drivers

? utilizes two fixed permanent objects within the crime scene. Measurements are taken from each fixed point to each piece of evidence.

? is used when measuring the distance to an object from two mutually perpendicular objects, such as walls that meet at a 90-degree angle.

is more appropriate for an outdoor scene in which only a single fixed or reference point is present. Measure both the distance and direction (angle) an object is from a known reference point.

Protocol 1: The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction of the area where the crime incident was committed, shall immediately undertake the necessary investigation and processing of the crime scene, unless otherwise directed by higher authorities for a certain case to be investigated by other units/agency.

Protocol 2: a. A ? is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard-bound cover that contains the daily register of all crime incident reports, official summary of arrests, and other significant events reported in a police station.

Protocol 3: a. All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed investigation course with a rank of at least PO2 (pre-requisite to assignment).

Protocol 4:

Protocol 5: a. Take full control of the crime scene to include the conduct of crime scene search; taking of photographs; making sketches; lifting of fingerprints; markings of physical evidence; (Chain of custody) the transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory; interview of witnesses; gathering and evaluation of evidence; follow-up of the case and the documentation and filing of appropriate charges in court

Protocol 6:

Protocol 7: The execution of a suspect's "WAIVER" as stipulated in Art 125 of the RPC shall always be done in the presence of his chosen counsel or any independent counsel.

Protocol 8: a. Sworn Statement or Affidavit of complainant/s and witness/es must be taken immediately by the investigator-on-case. b. Affidavit of Arrest of arresting officers must be taken immediately not later than 24 hours. c. In Inquest cases, the investigator-on-case and the arresting officer/s shall observe Art. 125 of the RPC.

Protocol 9: The Investigator-On-Case shall submit the following: a. Spot Report within 24 hrs to HHQ: b. Progress Report, c. After Operation Report: d. Final Report after the case is filed before the prosecutor's office/court; and e. Accomplishment Report.

Protocol 10:

Protocol 11: The investigator shall conduct police operation to identify and apprehend suspect/s based on the results of the initial investigation conducted.

Protocol 12: The conduct of police operation involving sensational cases, high profile and heinous crimes must be covered by Case Investigation Plan.

Protocol 13: The investigator-on-case and arresting officers shall endeavor to ensure their attendance during court hearings while COPs/Heads of Units shall supervise and ensure the attendance of witness/es.

Protocol 14: Prescribed uniform should be worn by investigators when conducting investigation so as to identify them as PNP personnel.

method is used to measure items of evidence when there are numerous objects in the crime scene and other measuring techniques will not work. This is accomplished by laying a tape measure down so that it crosses the entire room or area to be measured. This first tape measure becomes the baseline for all other measurements in the crime scene. Measurements are then made perpendicularly from this tape by laying another tape measure at a 90-degree angle to the first tape and measuring out to the evidence.

Common crime scene investigation photography is an important part of the documentation of a crime scene. Photographs are typically taken based upon the perspective of the camera to the target. a. Overall b. Midrange c. Close-up

A ? sketch contains a vanishing point and depicts objects of evidence as they would appear to the eye with reference to relative distance and depth.

A ? sketch usually contains only one viewpoint and depicts objects on one plane. The overview sketch (of the horizontal plane) is the most common ommon type af sketch and is usually done from a bird's eye vipe it shows the floor plan. Less common is the elevation sketch (of the vertical plane), which shows a side view typically of landscapes or buildings. One extrapolation of the ? sketch is the "Exploded" view sketch that contains more than one wall from one viewpoint. elevation sketches. It combines the

sketch is used when it is desirable to represent a sequence of events such as following the trajectory of a bullet through a crime scene location