A complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple level.

An uneven process that affect people differently.

An integration of markets into bigger markets signified by free trade.

View Globalization in much broader terms.

Various lenses that consider multiple theories and perspectives.

Interdisciplinary Approach.

The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space.

Both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.

The expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks.

They do not occur merely at an objective, material level but they also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.

A widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is “___” for everyone, since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world.

There are multiple forms Globalization.

Appadurai's 5 Dimensions/Realms of Globalization

Global movements of people.

Flow of culture.

Circulation of mechanical goods and software.

Global circulation of money.

The realm where political ideas move around.

Competing Conceptions of Globalization

Hart and Prakash (1995)

Steger (2005)

Bartelson (2000)

Globalization is characterized by creation of global trading networks (e.g. ships travelling at sea, global telecommunications networks, etc.) which allow global markets to thrive

Globalization is manifested by harmonized economic policies across countries, and national governments putting into effect these domestic markets’ liberation policies.

Globalization is evident when an international economic system is borderless or behaves like a single, unified economic system despite the existence of formal boundaries.

Globalization takes place when an initially localized practice spreads throughout the globe (e.g. technology, cultural artifacts, socially accepted behaviors, diseases, etc.)

Globalization is present when technological solutions initially created in one location help solve problems outside of that location.

Globalization manifests itself when free-market capitalism spreads virtually to every country in the world because the government is not getting in the way, barriers are removed, and there is a free flow of goods, services, and capital.

Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

Globalization is in no one’s control.

Globalization provides opportunities for growth and prosperity (e.g. expansion of investment and trade, improving standard of living in developing countries, rapid dissemination of information and technological innovation, proliferation of skilled jobs).

Globalization allows a level of economic development conducive for the creation of complex civil societies with a powerful middle class and societal structure that facilitates democracy.

Globalization is an intensified transference or the political, economic, or cultural exchange among countries.

Globalization is a multidimensional process.

Globalization dissolves the divide between drivers of globalization.

Philosophies Underlying Varying Definitions of Globalization

Globalization annihilates space and shortens time.

Globalization is assumed to lead to standardization of culture and the uniformity of institutional structures worldwide while the consumption of imported commercial products and foreign ideas could also enable cultural diversity.

Globalization-from-below (alternative social forums, transnational networks of social movements, and civil initiatives) challenging the authority of globalization-from-above (national and international forms of governance).

Globalization’s value lies in how the state responds to transnational social movements constituting a new and independent form of counter-power, how it responds to the expansion of capitalism limiting the scope for progressive politics, and how it responds to world governance undermining national laws and policies.