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問題一覧
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one of the attributes or features that make up and distinguish an individual
Characters
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shared by two or more organisms but is absent from their common ancestor in the lineage leading to one of the organisms inferred to have evolved by convergence or reversal
Homoplasious character
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5 kingdom scheme by R.H Whittaker in 1969
Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
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the aim of _ was to “construct classifications of organisms.”
Traditional systematics
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basis of cladistics
Synapomorphies
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ancestral characteristic
Plesiomorphy
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2 major components of systematics
Taxonomy
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three basic assumptions in cladistics
Related by descent Bifurcating pattern change
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an ancestral characteristic or trait state shared by two or more taxa but not to all descendants of the ancestor
Symplesiomorphy
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a group of organisms that have characters derived from more than one evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable foe placing in the same taxon
Polyphyletic group
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Investigates the organism’s evolutionary histories with consideration of their environmental adaptations
Phylogeny
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“reconstructing evolutionary tree of life.” this research area is called
Phylogenetics
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a method where organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group’s most recent commin ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors
Cladistics
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are result of convergent evolution
Analogies
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shared-derived characteristic
Synapomorphy
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particular version of a character
character state
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a tree-shaped diagram (dendogram) that is interpreted to represent the best hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships
Cladogram
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self-derived characteristic
Autapomorphy
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the two commonly used in phylogenetic analysis
Genetic sequencing data
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a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group
Monophyletic group
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what are the taxonomic characters
Morpohological characters, Behavioral Characters, Ecological Characters, Physiological characters, Geographical characters, molecular characters
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Parts of a phylogenetic tree
Root Branch Node Clade Taxon
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what are the 5 uses of Taxonomy
provides scientific names for organisms
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a novel evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species and all its descendants
Apomorphy
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which is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
Clade
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How to construct cladogram
choose the taxa, determine the characters, determine the polarity of characters, group taxa by synapomorphies, build your cladogram
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are the taxonomic attributes that can be used to provide the evidence from which relation(the phylogeny) between taxa are inferred
Taxonomic characters
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characters in different organisms that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character
Homologous characters
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unresolved pattern of divergence
Polytomy
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ancestral characteristic
Plesiomorphy
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a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group but not including all the descendants group
Paraphyletic group