These add texture, energy, and excitement to the narrative, grip the reader's imagination, and convey information as a form of a narrative technique.

denotes the way in which texts gain meaning through their referencing or evocation of other texts.

a poststructuralist, developed the term intertextuality, in the 1960's.

what year developed intertextuality

this has been widely accepted by postmodern literary critics and theoreticians.

This is when an author or poet deliberately references another text in their work.

a milder kind of interrelatedness. In this case, an author or poet may allude to another text to create another nonessential layer of meaning.

The important part is that the reference is not critical to the reader's understanding of the text being read.

happens when a reader makes a connection that the author or poet did not intend to make.

It happens when the author is borrowing an idea or phrase from someone else. It is about giving credit to the original author.

it's when one text makes a deliberate, but subtle, reference to another.

It is stealing another person's work without giving them proper credit or permission.

It is an imitation of another text for satirical purpose; usually to mock.

Occurs when the reader knows a secret, but the characters in a play or work of fiction do not.

The characters are blind to facts, but the reader is not.

Is applied to justice, which comes about when an evil act brings about its own punishment and poetic justice prevails.

Is a device used to attract the reader's attention. It is a statement that seems contradictory or absurd, but well-founded and true at the same time.

Is a speech given by a character in a play when the speaker is alone. This is presented to inform the audience or reader of what is happening in the mind of a character and to give information about the action of the play.

Is a device used by poets and writers whereby nature mirrors the political condition of society. Pathos is a situation that elicits pity from the audience.

A speech made by an actor DIRECTLY TO THE AUDIENCE, but seemingly to himself or herself.

A type of drama of human conflict which ends in defeat and suffering.

A hint or warning of things to come, making specific events in the plot seems more probable as they unfold.

Using images to describe or compare something, so that the reader forms a picture in his or her mind.

Is an ancient Greek theatre term meaning the error, frailty, mistaken judgment or misstep through which the fortunes of the hero of a tragedy are reversed.

about WASTE, a waste of people and a waste of unrealized potential.

are minor characters from the famous Shakespearean play but major ones in Stoppard's work.