Midterm Exam Preparation #2 ELS
問題一覧
1
Organic Sedimentary Rocks example
coquina, limestone, coal
2
Get their name from “meta” (change) and “morph” (form).
metamorphic rocks
3
The old rocks are forcefully changed into a new kind and this
process is called
metamorphism.
4
metamorphic rocks example
marble, quartzite, slate, serpentine, gneiss
5
"building blocks of rocks"
mineral
6
non foliated texture or
contact metamorphism "heat"
7
foliated texture or
regional metamorphism "pressure"
8
decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface.
weathering
9
the removal of weathered rocks and minerals by moving water, wind, glaciers, and gravity.
erosion
10
what are the are the main exogenic processes
Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition
11
The processes which occur on earth's surface due to the influence of exogenic forces.
Exogenic Processes
12
The process where rock is broken down or dissolved into smaller pieces by physical, chemical,
or biological weathering process.
Weathering
13
Types of Weathering
Physical Weathering, Chemical Weathering, Biological Weathering.
14
factors such as freezing and thawing, temperature, rain, winds,
waves, water pressure and others can cause rocks to break up into tiny pieces
Physical Weathering.
15
The sun’s energy can heat up rocks to very high temperatures. This causes rocks like
granite to expand. As temperature falls , the rocks cool down and contract. Continuous
expansion and contraction cause pressure on the outer layers of the rock. Cracks develop
as a result, and eventually, the outer layers of the rock wear off. This is also known as
exfoliation.
Weathering by temperature changes
16
The sun’s energy can heat up rocks to very high temperatures. This causes rocks like
granite to expand. As temperature falls , the rocks cool down and contract. Continuous
expansion and contraction cause pressure on the outer layers of the rock. Cracks develop
as a result, and eventually, the outer layers of the rock wear off. This is also known as
exfoliation.
17
Wind, water, and waves pound on rocks and wears them up. Prolonged action causes
larger rocks with rugged surfaces to smoothen. During runoff, water carries sand and
smaller debris and smashes them against larger rocks in their path. The resulting
abrasion causes wearing of rocks.
Weathering by water and wind
18
Occurs when rocks are porous (contain holes) or permeable (allow water to pass
through).
freeze-thaw weathering
19
This is when weathering involves the reaction of some chemicals on
rocks.
Chemical Weathering
20
The weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants,
animals, and microbes. Organisms may alter rock by both mechanical and chemical actions.
The penetrating and expanding pressure of plant roots in cracks, fractures, pores and other
discontinuities may cause the rupture and disaggregation of the rock, if there are favorable
conditions and the strength of the rock is lower than that applied by the roots.
Biological Weathering.
21
Movement of rock pieces from one place to another once they have been loosened by the action
of physical or chemical weathering.
erosion
22
Types of Erosion
Water Erosion, Wind Erosion.
23
can begin as soon as raindrops start falling. As more rain falls, the water runs
over the land or rock surface, collecting weathered material with them. The power of moving
water increases with more water and its ability to carry heavy debris increases. Vegetation cover
and mulch often help obstruct and reduce the impact of water erosion.
water erosion
24
more powerful on vertical slopes than on gentle or flat ground.
water erosion
25
simply the removal of soil particles from the surface of the land
and transporting them to another location. When the force of wind is exerted on a land surface,
the soil moves. The extent of movement depends on the amount of soil moved, the size of the
soil particles, the cloudiness of the soil particles and the velocity of the wind.
wind erosion
26
The Process of Wind Erosion
Creeping, Saltation, Suspension
27
when soil particles larger than 0.5mm in diameter are
dragged over the surface of the land because they are too heavy for the wind to lift. As
the particles roll and move along the surface, they bump into each other
creeping
28
, the particles involved are between 0.1mm to 0.5mm. The wind is
able to lift them up briefly but drops them in very short intervals. This results in a hop and
bounce motion over the surface. Sometimes as the particles fall, they bounce back up
and continue the routine
saltation
29
Particles can also bounce into others and set them into motion
too. Saltating particles cause?
attrition
30
when the bouncing and jumping particles
knock against each other in flight and break themselves up
attrition
31
This process involves particles (fine dirt and dust) that are less than 0.1mm in diameter.
Wind can carry these particles over very long distances. It is probably the most common
form of wind action and the easiest to recognize
suspension
32
Suspension causes abrasion or
sandblasting
33
is more powerful when it is close to the land surface and less effective with objects higher
up the ground.
abrasion
34
It is the bulk movements of soil, sand, and rock debris down slopes formerly term as “mass
wasting”.
mass movement
35
Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering. A fall or topple
happens when rocks and other sediments fall through the air and land at the bottom of a slope.
rockfall
36
Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a slope. Flows are mixture of water,
rock, and sediment. They move very quickly. Large flows can bury entire villages. Smaller flows
can block roads.
mudflow
37
Large blocks of rockslide downhill. A slide happens when a section of soil or rock
suddenly gives way and moves down a slope. The material moves as a single mass along a
slippery zone. The slippery zone is often made up of wet sediment.
landslide
38
The processes which occur inside the Earth’s surface
endogenic processes
39
Most of the endogenic processes are ????? and ??????? and some other endogenic processes
such as volcanism, plutonism and metamorphism.
foldingand faulting
40
occur where the
crust is pushed up as plates collide which causes the crust to rise in folds.
folding
41
The horizontal movement of Earth’s crust results in???
folding
42
The vertical movement of the Earth’s crust involves uplifts or subsidence of crust along lines of
weaknesses.
faulting
43
force per unit area that is placed
on a rock.
stress
44
-type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one
another.
-Mountains are a
result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates collided. It squeezes
rocks together that causes reverse/thrust fault.
-common stress at convergent plate boundaries.
compression
45
-opposite of compression
-Two separate plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends
of one plate can move in different directions
-It pulls the rocks apart that causes normal fault.
-major
type of stress at divergent plate boundaries.
tension
46
-usually happens when two plates rub against each other
as they move in opposite directions.
-. It causes rocks to slide past each other resulting in strike-
slip fault.
-common stress at transform plate boundaries.
shear stress
47
Extremely hot liquid rock located under Earth’s surface
magma
48
When magma flows or erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is called
lava
49
Magmas are formed in the asthenosphere. Three processes that must occur to form magma
from asthenosphere:
increasing temperature, decreasing pressure, and water addition
50
e rocks formed when magma
cools and solidifies below the earth's surface
plutonic rocks
51
rocks formed when lava
cools and solidifies on the earth's surface.
volcanic rock
52
any of various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial
discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam,
including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.
volcanism
53
when magma is forced into the rocks that make up the Earth's crust
Intrusive volcanism
54
Types of Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism Contact metamorphism.
55
The process by which rocks are altered in composition, texture, or internal structure by extreme
heat, pressure, and the introduction of new chemical substances.
metamorphism
56
Occurs when rocks are
buried deep in the crust. This is commonly
associated with convergent plate boundaries and
the formation of mountain ranges. Because burial
to 10 km to 20 km is required, the areas affected
tend to be large.
Regional Metamorphism
57
A type of
metamorphism where rock minerals and texture
are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact with
magma. This is an easy name to recall if you
remember that these rocks change by
encountering something very hot, like magma.
Contact metamorphism.
58
Around the igneous
rock that forms from the cooling magma is a
metamorphosed zone called a??
contact metamorphism aureole.
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8問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
Organic Sedimentary Rocks example
coquina, limestone, coal
2
Get their name from “meta” (change) and “morph” (form).
metamorphic rocks
3
The old rocks are forcefully changed into a new kind and this
process is called
metamorphism.
4
metamorphic rocks example
marble, quartzite, slate, serpentine, gneiss
5
"building blocks of rocks"
mineral
6
non foliated texture or
contact metamorphism "heat"
7
foliated texture or
regional metamorphism "pressure"
8
decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface.
weathering
9
the removal of weathered rocks and minerals by moving water, wind, glaciers, and gravity.
erosion
10
what are the are the main exogenic processes
Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition
11
The processes which occur on earth's surface due to the influence of exogenic forces.
Exogenic Processes
12
The process where rock is broken down or dissolved into smaller pieces by physical, chemical,
or biological weathering process.
Weathering
13
Types of Weathering
Physical Weathering, Chemical Weathering, Biological Weathering.
14
factors such as freezing and thawing, temperature, rain, winds,
waves, water pressure and others can cause rocks to break up into tiny pieces
Physical Weathering.
15
The sun’s energy can heat up rocks to very high temperatures. This causes rocks like
granite to expand. As temperature falls , the rocks cool down and contract. Continuous
expansion and contraction cause pressure on the outer layers of the rock. Cracks develop
as a result, and eventually, the outer layers of the rock wear off. This is also known as
exfoliation.
Weathering by temperature changes
16
The sun’s energy can heat up rocks to very high temperatures. This causes rocks like
granite to expand. As temperature falls , the rocks cool down and contract. Continuous
expansion and contraction cause pressure on the outer layers of the rock. Cracks develop
as a result, and eventually, the outer layers of the rock wear off. This is also known as
exfoliation.
17
Wind, water, and waves pound on rocks and wears them up. Prolonged action causes
larger rocks with rugged surfaces to smoothen. During runoff, water carries sand and
smaller debris and smashes them against larger rocks in their path. The resulting
abrasion causes wearing of rocks.
Weathering by water and wind
18
Occurs when rocks are porous (contain holes) or permeable (allow water to pass
through).
freeze-thaw weathering
19
This is when weathering involves the reaction of some chemicals on
rocks.
Chemical Weathering
20
The weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants,
animals, and microbes. Organisms may alter rock by both mechanical and chemical actions.
The penetrating and expanding pressure of plant roots in cracks, fractures, pores and other
discontinuities may cause the rupture and disaggregation of the rock, if there are favorable
conditions and the strength of the rock is lower than that applied by the roots.
Biological Weathering.
21
Movement of rock pieces from one place to another once they have been loosened by the action
of physical or chemical weathering.
erosion
22
Types of Erosion
Water Erosion, Wind Erosion.
23
can begin as soon as raindrops start falling. As more rain falls, the water runs
over the land or rock surface, collecting weathered material with them. The power of moving
water increases with more water and its ability to carry heavy debris increases. Vegetation cover
and mulch often help obstruct and reduce the impact of water erosion.
water erosion
24
more powerful on vertical slopes than on gentle or flat ground.
water erosion
25
simply the removal of soil particles from the surface of the land
and transporting them to another location. When the force of wind is exerted on a land surface,
the soil moves. The extent of movement depends on the amount of soil moved, the size of the
soil particles, the cloudiness of the soil particles and the velocity of the wind.
wind erosion
26
The Process of Wind Erosion
Creeping, Saltation, Suspension
27
when soil particles larger than 0.5mm in diameter are
dragged over the surface of the land because they are too heavy for the wind to lift. As
the particles roll and move along the surface, they bump into each other
creeping
28
, the particles involved are between 0.1mm to 0.5mm. The wind is
able to lift them up briefly but drops them in very short intervals. This results in a hop and
bounce motion over the surface. Sometimes as the particles fall, they bounce back up
and continue the routine
saltation
29
Particles can also bounce into others and set them into motion
too. Saltating particles cause?
attrition
30
when the bouncing and jumping particles
knock against each other in flight and break themselves up
attrition
31
This process involves particles (fine dirt and dust) that are less than 0.1mm in diameter.
Wind can carry these particles over very long distances. It is probably the most common
form of wind action and the easiest to recognize
suspension
32
Suspension causes abrasion or
sandblasting
33
is more powerful when it is close to the land surface and less effective with objects higher
up the ground.
abrasion
34
It is the bulk movements of soil, sand, and rock debris down slopes formerly term as “mass
wasting”.
mass movement
35
Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering. A fall or topple
happens when rocks and other sediments fall through the air and land at the bottom of a slope.
rockfall
36
Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a slope. Flows are mixture of water,
rock, and sediment. They move very quickly. Large flows can bury entire villages. Smaller flows
can block roads.
mudflow
37
Large blocks of rockslide downhill. A slide happens when a section of soil or rock
suddenly gives way and moves down a slope. The material moves as a single mass along a
slippery zone. The slippery zone is often made up of wet sediment.
landslide
38
The processes which occur inside the Earth’s surface
endogenic processes
39
Most of the endogenic processes are ????? and ??????? and some other endogenic processes
such as volcanism, plutonism and metamorphism.
foldingand faulting
40
occur where the
crust is pushed up as plates collide which causes the crust to rise in folds.
folding
41
The horizontal movement of Earth’s crust results in???
folding
42
The vertical movement of the Earth’s crust involves uplifts or subsidence of crust along lines of
weaknesses.
faulting
43
force per unit area that is placed
on a rock.
stress
44
-type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one
another.
-Mountains are a
result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates collided. It squeezes
rocks together that causes reverse/thrust fault.
-common stress at convergent plate boundaries.
compression
45
-opposite of compression
-Two separate plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends
of one plate can move in different directions
-It pulls the rocks apart that causes normal fault.
-major
type of stress at divergent plate boundaries.
tension
46
-usually happens when two plates rub against each other
as they move in opposite directions.
-. It causes rocks to slide past each other resulting in strike-
slip fault.
-common stress at transform plate boundaries.
shear stress
47
Extremely hot liquid rock located under Earth’s surface
magma
48
When magma flows or erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is called
lava
49
Magmas are formed in the asthenosphere. Three processes that must occur to form magma
from asthenosphere:
increasing temperature, decreasing pressure, and water addition
50
e rocks formed when magma
cools and solidifies below the earth's surface
plutonic rocks
51
rocks formed when lava
cools and solidifies on the earth's surface.
volcanic rock
52
any of various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial
discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam,
including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.
volcanism
53
when magma is forced into the rocks that make up the Earth's crust
Intrusive volcanism
54
Types of Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism Contact metamorphism.
55
The process by which rocks are altered in composition, texture, or internal structure by extreme
heat, pressure, and the introduction of new chemical substances.
metamorphism
56
Occurs when rocks are
buried deep in the crust. This is commonly
associated with convergent plate boundaries and
the formation of mountain ranges. Because burial
to 10 km to 20 km is required, the areas affected
tend to be large.
Regional Metamorphism
57
A type of
metamorphism where rock minerals and texture
are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact with
magma. This is an easy name to recall if you
remember that these rocks change by
encountering something very hot, like magma.
Contact metamorphism.
58
Around the igneous
rock that forms from the cooling magma is a
metamorphosed zone called a??
contact metamorphism aureole.