Organic Sedimentary Rocks example

Get their name from “meta” (change) and “morph” (form).

The old rocks are forcefully changed into a new kind and this process is called

metamorphic rocks example

"building blocks of rocks"

non foliated texture or

foliated texture or

decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface.

the removal of weathered rocks and minerals by moving water, wind, glaciers, and gravity.

what are the are the main exogenic processes

The processes which occur on earth's surface due to the influence of exogenic forces.

The process where rock is broken down or dissolved into smaller pieces by physical, chemical, or biological weathering process.

Types of Weathering

factors such as freezing and thawing, temperature, rain, winds, waves, water pressure and others can cause rocks to break up into tiny pieces

The sun’s energy can heat up rocks to very high temperatures. This causes rocks like granite to expand. As temperature falls , the rocks cool down and contract. Continuous expansion and contraction cause pressure on the outer layers of the rock. Cracks develop as a result, and eventually, the outer layers of the rock wear off. This is also known as exfoliation.

The sun’s energy can heat up rocks to very high temperatures. This causes rocks like granite to expand. As temperature falls , the rocks cool down and contract. Continuous expansion and contraction cause pressure on the outer layers of the rock. Cracks develop as a result, and eventually, the outer layers of the rock wear off. This is also known as

Wind, water, and waves pound on rocks and wears them up. Prolonged action causes larger rocks with rugged surfaces to smoothen. During runoff, water carries sand and smaller debris and smashes them against larger rocks in their path. The resulting abrasion causes wearing of rocks.

Occurs when rocks are porous (contain holes) or permeable (allow water to pass through).

This is when weathering involves the reaction of some chemicals on rocks.

The weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals, and microbes. Organisms may alter rock by both mechanical and chemical actions. The penetrating and expanding pressure of plant roots in cracks, fractures, pores and other discontinuities may cause the rupture and disaggregation of the rock, if there are favorable conditions and the strength of the rock is lower than that applied by the roots.

Movement of rock pieces from one place to another once they have been loosened by the action of physical or chemical weathering.

Types of Erosion

can begin as soon as raindrops start falling. As more rain falls, the water runs over the land or rock surface, collecting weathered material with them. The power of moving water increases with more water and its ability to carry heavy debris increases. Vegetation cover and mulch often help obstruct and reduce the impact of water erosion.

more powerful on vertical slopes than on gentle or flat ground.

simply the removal of soil particles from the surface of the land and transporting them to another location. When the force of wind is exerted on a land surface, the soil moves. The extent of movement depends on the amount of soil moved, the size of the soil particles, the cloudiness of the soil particles and the velocity of the wind.

The Process of Wind Erosion

when soil particles larger than 0.5mm in diameter are dragged over the surface of the land because they are too heavy for the wind to lift. As the particles roll and move along the surface, they bump into each other

, the particles involved are between 0.1mm to 0.5mm. The wind is able to lift them up briefly but drops them in very short intervals. This results in a hop and bounce motion over the surface. Sometimes as the particles fall, they bounce back up and continue the routine

Particles can also bounce into others and set them into motion too. Saltating particles cause?

when the bouncing and jumping particles knock against each other in flight and break themselves up

This process involves particles (fine dirt and dust) that are less than 0.1mm in diameter. Wind can carry these particles over very long distances. It is probably the most common form of wind action and the easiest to recognize

Suspension causes abrasion or

is more powerful when it is close to the land surface and less effective with objects higher up the ground.

It is the bulk movements of soil, sand, and rock debris down slopes formerly term as “mass wasting”.

Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering. A fall or topple happens when rocks and other sediments fall through the air and land at the bottom of a slope.

Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a slope. Flows are mixture of water, rock, and sediment. They move very quickly. Large flows can bury entire villages. Smaller flows can block roads.

Large blocks of rockslide downhill. A slide happens when a section of soil or rock suddenly gives way and moves down a slope. The material moves as a single mass along a slippery zone. The slippery zone is often made up of wet sediment.

The processes which occur inside the Earth’s surface

Most of the endogenic processes are ????? and ??????? and some other endogenic processes such as volcanism, plutonism and metamorphism.

occur where the crust is pushed up as plates collide which causes the crust to rise in folds.

The horizontal movement of Earth’s crust results in???

The vertical movement of the Earth’s crust involves uplifts or subsidence of crust along lines of weaknesses.

force per unit area that is placed on a rock.

-type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. -Mountains are a result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates collided. It squeezes rocks together that causes reverse/thrust fault. -common stress at convergent plate boundaries.

-opposite of compression -Two separate plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends of one plate can move in different directions -It pulls the rocks apart that causes normal fault. -major type of stress at divergent plate boundaries.

-usually happens when two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. -. It causes rocks to slide past each other resulting in strike- slip fault. -common stress at transform plate boundaries.

Extremely hot liquid rock located under Earth’s surface

When magma flows or erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is called

Magmas are formed in the asthenosphere. Three processes that must occur to form magma from asthenosphere:

e rocks formed when magma cools and solidifies below the earth's surface

rocks formed when lava cools and solidifies on the earth's surface.

any of various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam, including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.

when magma is forced into the rocks that make up the Earth's crust

Types of Metamorphism

The process by which rocks are altered in composition, texture, or internal structure by extreme heat, pressure, and the introduction of new chemical substances.

Occurs when rocks are buried deep in the crust. This is commonly associated with convergent plate boundaries and the formation of mountain ranges. Because burial to 10 km to 20 km is required, the areas affected tend to be large.

A type of metamorphism where rock minerals and texture are changed, mainly by heat, due to contact with magma. This is an easy name to recall if you remember that these rocks change by encountering something very hot, like magma.

Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a??