used to replace words that have been left out.

used after a greeting/salutation in a business letter. It is used to introduce a list. used to introduce an important quotation in a report, essay, or news story

types of punctuation marks

Categorical • Ascending or descending order of importance

what to capitalize

used in place of a colon or a semicolon to connect clauses, the second of which explains or expands the first clause

formal or conventional language level you would use in transactional situations.

types of mechanics

used to separate words or phrases in a list or series

cohesion can be connected by

Time sequence (historical events or processes)

refers to the informal usage of language, especially by certain groups of people.

achieved when a composition focuses on one idea. In a unified text, all the supporting ideas are relevant to the main thought. Without unity, the text will be confusing.

the level of language that you would use in spoken English on formal occasions.

Properties of a Well Writtern Text

indicate a stop or break that is more grounded than a comma but not as strong as a period.

when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level. It can be seen through well-defended arguments and organized points.

the infoLrmal use of language consisting certain words or expressions used by common people.

when ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly linked to one another; without it, the reader may not be able to comprehend your composition. Although these two concepts are interrelated, they are distinct.

types of languags

the language used in personal texts meant for family, friends, and colleagues.

types of organizational patterns

is the connection of ideas at the sentence level. It can be readily seen in a text through the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of the ideas.

Geographical/Location • Explain physical proximity of a place, scene, or an object

the language used when writing formal correspondence and memorandums, both in school and work.