it is our ability to taken in, solidify, store, and then use information.

Memory does not need to be, and often is not, conscious. Memory is not one process nor is it only one kind.

Four Steps in Forming Memories

It is the means by which we attend to, take in, and process new information. We take information from our five senses.

It happens with a little effort or conscious attention to the task.Because the experiences are automatic, our recall of them does not improve much with practice.

It occurs when we carefully attend to and put conscious effort into remembering information.

A common way to encode information deeply. It is a scheme that helps people remember information.

It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay.

It is keeping Information.

Three ways to organize memories

Organizing related information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general.

These are mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular objects or events.

It is a chain of associations between related concepts.

Getting and Using Information.

Processing information deeply rather superficially is one of the best ways to recall it. This means encoding it deeply.

It is the shallowest level of processing and the least likely to be recalled.

It is both the deepest and the most likely to be recalled

More evidence suggests that a major benefit of getting a good night’s sleep is not just to rest your body but to aid in learning and memory and cognitive functioning in general.

Emotions help us to encode and retrieve memories.

This is a special kind of emotional memory which occurs when a detailed snapshot memory forms for what we were doing when we first heard of a major, often public, and emotionally charged event

These are the enemies of memory because they interfere with the first necessary steps of memory formation.

This can help us remember events, but the recall will not always be accurate.

It holds information in its original sensory from for a very brief period or time, usually about half a second or less.

A brief visual record left on the retina of the eye.

It is the short-term retention of sounds.

temporarily stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten.

for most people, it is between five and nine units of letters, digits, or chunks of information, but there are substantial individual differences in this capacity.

one of the best ways to increase short- term memory capacity. It transforms what you want to remember into a smaller set of meaningful units. For example, memorizing one’s phone number.

The part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. It makes use of the information in short-term memory.

From who's model Working Memory?

What are the four components of working memory?

It is the process of reciting or practicing material repeatedly.

It has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime.

It is also known as nondeclarative memory, because directly recall this kind of memory.

It is the knowledge we hold for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned.

He further suggested that repeated stimulation of a group of neurons leads to the formation of cell assemblies, networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped.

It is the frontmost region of the frontal lobes.

Information goes to _____ for memory consolidation.

These two are active in the rehearsal of the auditory and visuospatial information needed by working memory.

It travels to the thalamus, which then relays the sensory information to the cerebral cortex for further processing.

The encoding stage of memory formation activates the prefrontal cortex as well as the hippocampus, where the memory is consolidated through rehearsal and repetition

A treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons.

It happens when the reactivation of a memory temporarily weakens the original memory and a new consolidation happens, but this time resulting a slightly different

It exists when we are trying to focus on more than one activity at once.

It can sometimes be the deciding evidence presented at a trial, so the reliability of eyewitnesses’ recall is a central concern for judges, lawyers, and jurors.

These are memories for events that never happened but were suggested by someone or something.

these are supposedly from a real event – a memory that was encoded but is not retrieved for a long period of time; the memory is retrieved after a later event brings it suddenly to consciousness.

It is a problem in memory which occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source.

Forgetting occurs when memories degrade, decline, or die.

Occurs when other information competes with the information

it occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information.

It is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory.

the inability to retrieve some information that once was stored – say, a person’s name or an old phone number.

this happens in which a retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited.

when people forget due to injury or disease to the brain.

the inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or the onset of a disease.

the inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of the disease or injury.