investigates things, not by using any other laboratory instrument or investigative tools, neither on the basis of supernatural revelation, otherwise it becomes theology; instead, the philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or simply, human reason alone or the so-called unaided reason.

whatever it is; and whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. Everything is its own being, and not being is not being.

which something proceeds in any manner

- it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect.

-a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible.

nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence.

extension of fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real

nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence

deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge

branch of philosophy that seeks to organize reasoning.

examining a general case

taking specific examples and considering the general principles, rules, or cases that caused them.

science of the beautiful in its various manifestations—including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly

means whatever experience has relevance to art, whether the experience be that of the creative artist or of appreciation.

founded phenomenology

scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness

search for truth might be based on one's attitude or outlook.

has come into vogue as the name for a rather diffuse family of ideas and trends that in significant respect rejects, challenges, or aims to supersede "modernity"

is not a philosophy

conviction that to some significant degree,

careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances

serve as paths to freedom from half-truths and deceptions

distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings.

defect in an argument other than its having false premises.

it is required to examine the argument's content.

A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his/her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt

has not been proved false most be true, and vice versa

logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times

This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole

One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts.

attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise

where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given as a justification for a conclusion.

that appeals or exploits people's vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity

referred to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.

is commonly based on a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population

which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.

the ability to have good judgment that allows avoidance of dangers and risks.

act of using money or other resources wisely and practically.

sharing the subjective states by two or more individuals

The focus is often on achieving a specific goal or completing a task without necessarily delving into deeper personal connections

-There is a sense of openness, presence, and genuine connection