INFO. ASSURANCE &SECURITY

100問 • 1年前

Jamaica Rose Gilo

通報

問題一覧

It refers to a newly discovered incident that has the potential to harm a system or organization overall.

Threat

3 Main Types of Threats

Natural, Unintentional, Intentional

Natural Threats

Floods, Hurricanes, Tornadoes

Employee mistakenly accessing the wrong information.

Unintentional Threat

Intentional Threats

Spyware, Malware, Adware Companies, Actions of a disgruntled employee

Why are worms and viruses categorized as threats? because they can also cause a ____________________

harm to an organization

In what way worms and viruses could harm organizations?

Exposure to an automated attack

When was WannaCry Ransomware began bombarding computers and networks?

May 12, 2017

The biggest attack of its kind in 2017.

WannaCry Ransomware

Cyber criminals are constantly coming up with creative new ways to compromise your data, as seen in....

2017 Internet Security Threat Report

These threats may be uncontrollable and often difficult or impossible to identify in advance.

Worms, Viruses, WannaCry Ransomware

Certain measures, help you assess threats regularly

Ensure team members are informed on current trends in cyber security so that it will be easier for them to identify new threats. Perform regular threat assessments.

This determines the best approaches to protecting a system against a specific threat, along with assessing different types of threats.

Perform regular threat assessments

Conduct penetration testing by modelling real-world threats in order to discover vulnerabilities.

Perform regular threat assessments

refers to a known weakness of an asset (resource) that can be exploited by one or more attackers. In other words, it is a known issue that allows an attack to succeed.

Vulnerability

When a team member resigns and you forget to disable their access to external accounts, change logins, or remove their names from company credit cards, this leaves your business open to

Both intentional and unintentional threats

Most vulnerability is exploited by what?

Automated Attackers

Testing for vulnerabilities is critical to ensuring the continued security of your systems. By identifying weak points, you can develop a strategy for?

Quick Response

The first step in managing your risk

Understanding your vulnerabilities

Questions to ask in determining your security vulnerabilities. Write on paper

I remembered

defined as the potential for loss or damage when at threat exploits vulnerability

Risk

Examples of risk

Financial Losses, Loss of Privacy, Reputational Damage, Legal Implications, Loss of Life

How would you reduce your potential for risk?

Creating and implementing risk management plan

5 key aspects to consider when developing your risk management strategy

Assess risk and determine needs. Include a total stakeholder perspective. Designate a central group of employees. Implement appropriate policies and related controls. Monitor and evaluate policy and control effectiveness.

When it comes to designing and implementing a risk assessment framework, it is critical to prioritize the most important breaches that need to be addressed. Although frequency may differ in each organization, this level of assessment must be done on a regular, recurring basis.

Assess risk and determine needs

Stakeholders include the business owners as well as employees, customers, and even vendors. All of these players have the potential to negatively impact the organization (potential threats) but at the same time they can be assets in helping to mitigate risk.

Include a total stakeholder perspective

responsible for risk management and determine the appropriate funding level for this activity.

Designate a central group of employees

ensure that the appropriate end users are informed of any and all changes.

Implement appropriate policies and related controls

The sources of risk are ever-changing, which means your team must be prepared to make any necessary adjustments to the framework. This can also involve incorporating new monitoring tools and techniques.

Monitor and evaluate policy and control effectiveness

a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability to breach security and cause possible harm.

Threat

A threat can be either what?

Intentional or Accidental

Examples of intentional threats other than hacking

Malware, Phishing Attacks, DDOS, Data Breaches, Cryptojacking

Examples of unintentional threats other than computer malfunction and natural disasters

Accidental Data Exposure, Misconfiguration, Lost Devices, Outdated Software, Weak Passwords, Human Error, Inadequate Security Training

5 other definitions of threats according to different organizations. Write on paper

I remembered

Threat Classifications according to the Open Group

Physical Damage, Natural Events, Loss of Essential Services, Compromise of Information, Technical Failures, Compromise of Functions

Physical Damages

Fire, Water, Pollution

Natural Events

Climatic, Seismic, Volcanic

Loss of Essential Services

Electrical Power, Air Conditioning, Telecommunication

Compromise of Information

Eavesdropping, Theft of Media, Retrieval of Discarded Materials

Technical Failures

Equipment, Software, Capacity Saturation

Compromise of Functions

Error in Use, Abuse of Rights, Denial of Actions

a situation in which a person or program successfully identifies as another by falsifying data, to gain an illegitimate advantage

Spoofing Attack

A deliberately modifying, destroying, manipulating, editing of data through unauthorized channels.

Tampering

It happens when an application or system does not adopt controls to properly track and log users' actions, thus permitting malicious manipulation or forging the identification of new actions.

Repudiation Attack

A cyber attack in which the perpetrator seek to make a machine or network resources unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the internet.

Denial of Services

Is an act of exploiting a bug, design flaws or configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources from an application or users. The result is that an application with more privileges than intended by the application developer or system administrator can perform unauthorized actions.

Elevation of Privileges

Hardware Level: INTERRUPTION

DOS

Hardware Level: INTERCEPTION

Theft

Hardware Level: FABRICATION

Substitution

Software Level: INTERRUPTION

Deletion

Data Level: INTERRUPTION

Loss

Although such attacks might be intentional, most are not; this abuse might be considered what?

Involuntary Machine Slaughter

accidental acts not intended to do serious damage to the hardware involved

Involuntary Machine Slaughter

A more serious attack, usually involves someone who actually wishes to harm the computer hardware or software.

Voluntary Machine Slaughter

Voluntary Machine Slaughter is also called what?

Machinicide

The list of the kinds of human attacks perpetrated on computers is almost endless

True

In particular, deliberate attacks on equipment, intending to limit availability, usually involve what?

Theft or Destruction

Sometimes the security of hardware components can be enhanced greatly by simple physical measures such as ______ and _____?

locks, guards

Software Insurance reported how many stolen laptops in 2003?

600,000

Furthermore, it is possible to change a program so that it does all it did before, and then some.

True

A malicious intruder can ______ the software to enable it to perform functions you may not find desirable.

enhance

In this case, it may be very hard to detect that the software has been changed, let alone to determine the extent of the change.

Software is enhanced

Because of software's high value to a commercial computing center, access to software is usually carefully controlled through a process called...

Configuration Management

It is done so that software cannot be deleted, destroyed, or replaced accidentally.

Configuration Management

When used, an old version or release can be replaced with a newer version only when it has been thoroughly tested to verify that the improvements work correctly without degrading the functionality and performance of other functions and services.

Configuration Management

Software is easy to ______ and vulnerable to ______.

delete, modifications

Why is that software is vulnerable to modifications?

Because it is susceptible to "off by one" errors

Changing a bit or two can convert a working program into a failing one.

True

An example of this is when a disgruntled employee may modify a crucial program so that it accesses the system date and halts abruptly after July 1. The employee might quit on May I and plan to be at a new job miles away by July.

Logic Bomb

An example of this is a program that ostensibly structures a listing of files belonging to a user may also modify the protection of all those files to permit access by another user.

Extended Program Functioning

3 other categories of software modification

Trojan Horse, Virus, Trapdoor

It is a program that overtly does one thing while covertly doing another.

Trojan Horse

It is a specific type of Trojan horse that can be used to spread its "infection" from one computer to another

Virus

It's a program that has a secret entry point information leaks in a program: code that makes information accessible to unauthorized people or programs

Trapdoor

This attack includes unauthorized copying of software.

Software Theft

It is usually the concern of a relatively small staff of computing center professionals.

Hardware Security

It is a larger problem, extending to all programmers and analysts who create or modify programs.

Software Security

Computer programs are written in a dialect intelligible primarily to computer professionals~ so a "leaked" source listing of a program might very well be meaningless to the general public.

True

It is a more widespread and serious problem than either a software or hardware attack. Thus, data items have greater public value than hardware and software because more people know how to use or interpret data.

Data Attack

What is the 2nd principle of computer security?

Principle of Adequate Protection

Computer items must be protected only until they loose their value. They must be protected to a degree consistent with their value.

Principle of Adequate Protection

Confidentiality prevents what?

Unauthorized Disclosure

Integrity prevents what?

Unauthorized Modification

Availability prevents what?

Denial of Authorized Access

In data confidentiality, data can be gathered by many means...

Tapping wires, Planting bugs in output devices, Sifting through trash receptacles, Monitoring electromagnetic radiation, Bribing key employees, Inferring one data point from other values, Requesting the data

Because data are often available in a form people can read, the confidentiality of data is a major concern in computer security.

True

Stealing, buying, finding, or hearing data requires no computer sophistication, whereas modifying or fabricating new data requires some understanding of the technology by which the data are transmitted or stored, as well as the format in which the data are maintained.

Data Integrity

The crook shaves a little from many accounts and puts these shavings together to form a valuable result.

Salami Attack

Data are especially vulnerable to modification. Small and skillfully done modifications may not be detected in ordinary ways. For instance, we saw in our truncated interest example that a criminal can perform what is known as....

Salami Attack

A more complicated process is trying to reprocess used data items. With the proliferation of telecommunications among banks, a fabricator might intercept a message ordering one bank to credit a given amount to a certain person's account.

Data Integrity

occurs when someone uses your personal identifying information and pretends to be you in order to commit fraud or to gain other financial benefits.

Identity Theft

What are some 5 examples of what identity thieves might do with your sensitive personal information? Write on paper

I remembered

There were ____ reported data breaches in ____, according to the _______________________________________________. That represents a __% increase over 2018.

1,473, 2019, Identity Theft Resource Center's End-of-Year 2019 Data Breach Report, 17

Some of the biggest breaches in U.S. history occurred when?

July 2019

How does identity theft happen?

Phishing, Skimming, Wifi Hacking, Dumpster Diving, Phone Scams, Data Breaches, Malware, Mail Theft, Child ID Theft, Tax ID Theft

What happens to my information after identity theft?

Steal your money or benefits. Sell it on the dark web. Impersonate you.

7 Possible Signs of Identity Theft. Write on paper

I remembered

10 ways on how to help protect yourself against identity theft. Write your answers.

I remembered

4 Types of Identity Theft plus 1

Criminal, Medical, Financial, Child Identity Theft, Synthetic Identity Theft

100

It's when a criminal misrepresents himself as another person during arrest to try to avoid a summons, prevent the discovery of a warrant issued in his real name or avoid an arrest or conviction record

Criminal Identity Theft

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問題一覧

It refers to a newly discovered incident that has the potential to harm a system or organization overall.

Threat

3 Main Types of Threats

Natural, Unintentional, Intentional

Natural Threats

Floods, Hurricanes, Tornadoes

Employee mistakenly accessing the wrong information.

Unintentional Threat

Intentional Threats

Spyware, Malware, Adware Companies, Actions of a disgruntled employee

Why are worms and viruses categorized as threats? because they can also cause a ____________________

harm to an organization

In what way worms and viruses could harm organizations?

Exposure to an automated attack

When was WannaCry Ransomware began bombarding computers and networks?

May 12, 2017

The biggest attack of its kind in 2017.

WannaCry Ransomware

Cyber criminals are constantly coming up with creative new ways to compromise your data, as seen in....

2017 Internet Security Threat Report

These threats may be uncontrollable and often difficult or impossible to identify in advance.

Worms, Viruses, WannaCry Ransomware

Certain measures, help you assess threats regularly

Ensure team members are informed on current trends in cyber security so that it will be easier for them to identify new threats. Perform regular threat assessments.

This determines the best approaches to protecting a system against a specific threat, along with assessing different types of threats.

Perform regular threat assessments

Conduct penetration testing by modelling real-world threats in order to discover vulnerabilities.

Perform regular threat assessments

refers to a known weakness of an asset (resource) that can be exploited by one or more attackers. In other words, it is a known issue that allows an attack to succeed.

Vulnerability

When a team member resigns and you forget to disable their access to external accounts, change logins, or remove their names from company credit cards, this leaves your business open to

Both intentional and unintentional threats

Most vulnerability is exploited by what?

Automated Attackers

Testing for vulnerabilities is critical to ensuring the continued security of your systems. By identifying weak points, you can develop a strategy for?

Quick Response

The first step in managing your risk

Understanding your vulnerabilities

Questions to ask in determining your security vulnerabilities. Write on paper

I remembered

defined as the potential for loss or damage when at threat exploits vulnerability

Risk

Examples of risk

Financial Losses, Loss of Privacy, Reputational Damage, Legal Implications, Loss of Life

How would you reduce your potential for risk?

Creating and implementing risk management plan

5 key aspects to consider when developing your risk management strategy

Assess risk and determine needs

Include a total stakeholder perspective

responsible for risk management and determine the appropriate funding level for this activity.

Designate a central group of employees

ensure that the appropriate end users are informed of any and all changes.

Implement appropriate policies and related controls

Monitor and evaluate policy and control effectiveness

a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability to breach security and cause possible harm.

Threat

A threat can be either what?

Intentional or Accidental

Examples of intentional threats other than hacking

Malware, Phishing Attacks, DDOS, Data Breaches, Cryptojacking

Examples of unintentional threats other than computer malfunction and natural disasters

Accidental Data Exposure, Misconfiguration, Lost Devices, Outdated Software, Weak Passwords, Human Error, Inadequate Security Training

5 other definitions of threats according to different organizations. Write on paper

I remembered

Threat Classifications according to the Open Group

Physical Damage, Natural Events, Loss of Essential Services, Compromise of Information, Technical Failures, Compromise of Functions

Physical Damages

Fire, Water, Pollution

Natural Events

Climatic, Seismic, Volcanic

Loss of Essential Services

Electrical Power, Air Conditioning, Telecommunication

Compromise of Information

Eavesdropping, Theft of Media, Retrieval of Discarded Materials

Technical Failures

Equipment, Software, Capacity Saturation

Compromise of Functions

Error in Use, Abuse of Rights, Denial of Actions

a situation in which a person or program successfully identifies as another by falsifying data, to gain an illegitimate advantage

Spoofing Attack

A deliberately modifying, destroying, manipulating, editing of data through unauthorized channels.

Tampering

It happens when an application or system does not adopt controls to properly track and log users' actions, thus permitting malicious manipulation or forging the identification of new actions.

Repudiation Attack

Denial of Services

Elevation of Privileges

Hardware Level: INTERRUPTION

DOS

Hardware Level: INTERCEPTION

Theft

Hardware Level: FABRICATION

Substitution

Software Level: INTERRUPTION

Deletion

Data Level: INTERRUPTION

Loss

Although such attacks might be intentional, most are not; this abuse might be considered what?

Involuntary Machine Slaughter

accidental acts not intended to do serious damage to the hardware involved

Involuntary Machine Slaughter

A more serious attack, usually involves someone who actually wishes to harm the computer hardware or software.

Voluntary Machine Slaughter

Voluntary Machine Slaughter is also called what?

Machinicide

The list of the kinds of human attacks perpetrated on computers is almost endless

True

In particular, deliberate attacks on equipment, intending to limit availability, usually involve what?

Theft or Destruction

Sometimes the security of hardware components can be enhanced greatly by simple physical measures such as ______ and _____?

locks, guards

Software Insurance reported how many stolen laptops in 2003?

600,000

Furthermore, it is possible to change a program so that it does all it did before, and then some.

True

A malicious intruder can ______ the software to enable it to perform functions you may not find desirable.

enhance

In this case, it may be very hard to detect that the software has been changed, let alone to determine the extent of the change.

Software is enhanced

Because of software's high value to a commercial computing center, access to software is usually carefully controlled through a process called...

Configuration Management

It is done so that software cannot be deleted, destroyed, or replaced accidentally.

Configuration Management

Software is easy to ______ and vulnerable to ______.

delete, modifications

Why is that software is vulnerable to modifications?

Because it is susceptible to "off by one" errors

Changing a bit or two can convert a working program into a failing one.

True

Logic Bomb

An example of this is a program that ostensibly structures a listing of files belonging to a user may also modify the protection of all those files to permit access by another user.

Extended Program Functioning

3 other categories of software modification

Trojan Horse, Virus, Trapdoor

It is a program that overtly does one thing while covertly doing another.

Trojan Horse

It is a specific type of Trojan horse that can be used to spread its "infection" from one computer to another

Virus

It's a program that has a secret entry point information leaks in a program: code that makes information accessible to unauthorized people or programs

Trapdoor

This attack includes unauthorized copying of software.

Software Theft

It is usually the concern of a relatively small staff of computing center professionals.

Hardware Security

It is a larger problem, extending to all programmers and analysts who create or modify programs.

Software Security

Computer programs are written in a dialect intelligible primarily to computer professionals~ so a "leaked" source listing of a program might very well be meaningless to the general public.

True

Data Attack

What is the 2nd principle of computer security?

Principle of Adequate Protection

Computer items must be protected only until they loose their value. They must be protected to a degree consistent with their value.

Principle of Adequate Protection

Confidentiality prevents what?

Unauthorized Disclosure

Integrity prevents what?

Unauthorized Modification

Availability prevents what?

Denial of Authorized Access

In data confidentiality, data can be gathered by many means...

Because data are often available in a form people can read, the confidentiality of data is a major concern in computer security.

True

Data Integrity

The crook shaves a little from many accounts and puts these shavings together to form a valuable result.

Salami Attack

Data Integrity

occurs when someone uses your personal identifying information and pretends to be you in order to commit fraud or to gain other financial benefits.

Identity Theft

What are some 5 examples of what identity thieves might do with your sensitive personal information? Write on paper

I remembered

There were ____ reported data breaches in ____, according to the _______________________________________________. That represents a __% increase over 2018.

1,473, 2019, Identity Theft Resource Center's End-of-Year 2019 Data Breach Report, 17

Some of the biggest breaches in U.S. history occurred when?

July 2019

How does identity theft happen?

Phishing, Skimming, Wifi Hacking, Dumpster Diving, Phone Scams, Data Breaches, Malware, Mail Theft, Child ID Theft, Tax ID Theft

What happens to my information after identity theft?

Steal your money or benefits. Sell it on the dark web. Impersonate you.

7 Possible Signs of Identity Theft. Write on paper

I remembered

10 ways on how to help protect yourself against identity theft. Write your answers.

I remembered

4 Types of Identity Theft plus 1

Criminal, Medical, Financial, Child Identity Theft, Synthetic Identity Theft

100

Criminal Identity Theft