Philoshopy exam

Joshua Timbol · 65問 · 2年前

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A great interest and pleasure in something. An act of liking or enjoying something very much.

Philo(Love)

Ability to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of your experience and knowledge.

Sophia(Wisdom)

loving pursuit or quest to know and live the truth found in various aspects of life to have a holistic perspective.

"The Love of Wisdom"

Philosophy is a "quest for truth" - the contemplation or study of the most important questions in existence with the goal of promoting illumination and understanding a vision of the whole.

Louis pojman

the contemplation or study of the most important questions in existence with the goal of promoting illumination and understanding a vision of the whole.

"quest for truth"

Philosophy is, therefore, the ultimate thinking activity. It reflects what is most distinctive about us as species, namely, our ability to think abstractly about things.

Alistair Sinclair

Philosophy is nothing less than the attempt to understand whol we are and what we think of ourselves.

Robert Solomon

•Derived from the Greek word meta ta physika, meaning "after the things of nature". • Branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence. • It reflects upon some fundamental questions that exist

Metaphysics

•Derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning "knowledge". • Discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing. • Branch of philosophy that studies the sources, nature, and validity of knowledge. Tackles issues concerning knowledge

Epistemology

•Derived from the Greek word logos, meaning "word, thought, idea, argument or reason. • Branch of philosophy that deals with correct and sound reasoning.

Logic

Derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning "character, guiding beliefs or standards". • Branch of philosophy that deals with moral questions and dilemmas. • Study that deals with the rightness or wrongness of human conduct.

Ethics

Derived from the Greek word aisthetikos, meaning sense or perception. • Branch of philosophy that deals with beauty and what makes things beautiful

Aesthetics

Derived from the Greek word axios, meanie "worthy" and logos, meaning "science". • Branch of philosophy that deals with the study of values or goodness.

Axiology

Derived from the Greek word theos, meaning "God" and dike, meaning "justice". • Branch of philosophy that deals with the study of God and cosmos. It is now known as the Philosophy of Religion.

THEODICY /COSMOLOGY

These are open-ended questions that do not require universal questions.

Philosophical Question

Requires a universal and exact answer.

NON PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION

Knowledge formed by human experience. He believes that the perceptual and cognitive faculties of people are dependable.

Aristotle

are considered the three of the greatest philosophers in the history of Western philosophical thought.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

The emphasis of this philosophy is on God and His existence as a way to justify or defend religious faith. • Most influential medieval thinkers include: St. Augustine St. Thomas Aquinas

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Postulated by Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650), the Father of Modern Philosophy. • Epistemology is the first philosophy. • Emphasize the primacy of knowledge. • Cogito ergo sum - "I think therefore I am" • Early and Late modern period of enlightenment.

MODERN PERIOD

- "I think therefore I am"

Cogito ergo sum

Chinese philosophical traditions focus on practical and speculative aspects. Hindu philosophy emerged between 1500-1000 AD, reflecting on life, cosmos, God, and human conduct.

Asian Philosophy

Early Greek thinkers began in 600 BCE, started by lonian thinkers such as Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. • Philosophy is said to have begun in the lonic colonies of Asia Minor around the 6 th century BC through Thales of Miletus. • Thales of Miletus. Regarded as the father of Philosophy. Thales believed that despite the different things we encounter there is one underlying stuff or substance in which everything is composed. • Late Greek philosophers. (Socrates and the Socratic Schools)

Pre-Socratic Period

Regarded as the father of Philosophy. believed that despite the different things we encounter there is one underlying stuff or substance in which everything is composed.

Thales of Miletus.

An unexamined life is not worth living.

Socratic Method

World of the Senses and World of Ideas. Concluded that the concept, or idea, is the only true reality.

Plato

Scientia, meaning "to produce knowledge" • Associated with Aristotle • Empirical method, a process of Philosophy through experimentation, inductve reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing. • It values observation as an important aspect in understanding results.

Scientific Method

elenchus, meaning "elenchi" • Associated with Socrates • A "didactic dialogue" of questioning that is expressed in critical and cross examination of the position of every participant to the conversation. • It intends to guide human to arrive at the truth.

Socratic Method

Dialektike, meaning "art of discourse" • Discourse between two people holding different points of view about a subject through reasoned methods of argumentation. • Debate

Dialectic Method

Philosophy begins with a deep wonder about the universe, who we are, where we came from, and where we are going. What is life all about?

Allow the spirit of wonder to flourish in your breast.

Be reasonably cautious,moderately skeptical, and suspicious of those who claim to have the truth. Doubt is the souls of purgative. Do not fear intellectual inquiry.

Doubt everything unsupported by evidence until the evidence convinces you of its truth.

Philosophy is the eternal search for truth, a search that inevitably fails and yet is never defeated; which continually eludes us, and always guides us.

Love is truth.

Divide each problem and theory into its smallest essential components to analyze each unit carefully. It is the analytic method.

Divide and Conquer

Build a coherent argument or theory from parts. One should move from simple, secure foundations to complex and comprehensive. The important thing is to have a coherent, well-founded, tightly reasoned set of beliefs that can withstand the opposition.

Collect and construct

make a complete survey of possible objections to your position, looking for counterexamples and suitable mistakes

Conjecture and refute.

Be willing to revise, reject, and modify your beliefs and the degree to which you hold any belief. Acknowledge that you probably have many false beliefs and be grateful to those who correct you.

Revise and rebuild

Prefer the more straightforward explanation to the more complex, things being equal. Sometimes the truth is complicated, but where two explanations are of relatively equal merit, prefer the simpier one.

Seek simplicity.

Appropriate your ideas in a personal way so that even as the Objective Truth is a correspondence of the thought to the world, this Lived Truth will correspond the life to the thought.

Live the truth

Let the practical conclusions of philosophical reflection on the moral life inspire and motivate vou to action. Let moral truth transform your life so that you shine like a jewel in its light amid the darkness of ignorance.

Live the good

It teaches us to be intellectually engaging and inquisitive but remain humble because we acknowledge that we have limited knowledge. We also do not have a monopoly on it.

INTELLECTUALLY COMPETENT

• It trains us to become logical, critical, objective, and fair in rendering judgment. Doing philosophy improves the faculty of reasoning. It also increases critical capacity by looking at things around us through examination of events, circumstances, or phenomena.

INTELLECTUAL TRAINING

•It empowers you persuasively. Through philosophy, humans can express their ideas and persuade others to accept their views, also to properly examine and evaluate the views of others and render a fair judgment or conclusion.

IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION

• It liberates the mind from the bondage of ignorance and dogmatism. Doing philosophy is a learning process by cultivating the mind and the whole person to become knowledgeable and wise to overcome ignorance and resist dogmatic teachings and indoctrination.

ILLUMINATION

• It helps you broaden your perspectives on particular problems or issues and holistically approach them. It emphasizes the inclusivity of perspectives. It helps humans become more accepting and inclusive or open to others views and ideas

DIVERSE PERSPECTIVE

• It cleanses you from impurities such as false and unsupported beliefs. It enables to eliminate those unnecessary thoughts, issues, and problems that you seem to think are significant and essential but are not.

CLEAR MIND

It strengthens the person's ability to be reflective and to think independently. Doing philosophy enhances people's sense of creativity, originality, and foresight leading to constant examination and critical thinking.

Reflective

It teaches the person to be a tireless inquirer, lover, and teller of truth. Doing philosophy trains people to keep asking meaningful and essential questions as part of wondering and thinking towards making good decisions and choices to the ultimate truth.

EXPLORER OF TRUTH

is something that conforms to reality. : A __ is a statement that is factual, reliable or trustworthy something we know for certain.

truth

What you believe is always true, for you cannot believe something that you take to be false. Any expression of belief implies truth.

TRUTH IS CLOSELY RELATED TO BELIEF

When you assert or endorse something, you say that what you believe is true. • Like belief, endorsement, or statement cannot be made if there is no claim that what is being endorsed or asserted is true.

TRUTH IS CLOSELY RELATED TO ASSERTION AND ENDORSEMENT

• The traditional understanding of propositional knowledge is defined as true and justified beliefs. • One cannot know something without being true.

TRUTH IS CLOSELY RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE

• One cannot say that a conclusion is true if the premises are false. • Truth plays a vital role in logic. It is because one of logic's goals is to know the truth.

TRUTH IS CLOSELY RELATED TO LOGIC

Truth deals with suggesting that this is the reality of the matter, and humans should deal with it. • In other words, one can say that truth implies fact.

TRUTH IS CLOSELY RELATED TO REALITY

To say that that which is, is not, or that which is not is, is a falsehood; and to say that that which is, is, and that which is not, is true. - Aristotle This theory asserts that any proposition or statement is considered as true when it corresponds to reality

Correspondence Theory of Truth

Means consistency, a sense of order between our beliefs and the claim we made. Cohere, "united as a whole" - The determination of truth on the consistency of proposition within a given set of propositions or beliefs, we come to realize that any proposition can be true even if, in reality, it is not.

Coherence Theory of Truth

A true idea is simply an idea that is useful to those who are using such statements. - Charles Sanders Pierce, ____ means practical use. An idea that remains practical and useful, it will not diminish its value from being

Pragmatic Theory of Truth

The correspondence of something with and in reality. It is supported by elements so called, "FACTS."

Truth

It is a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. A statement that expresses a feeling, an attitude, a value judgment or a belief.

Opinion

people with opinions may be listened to but not accepted, compared to those who hold the truth with supporting evidence.

Effect or influence of truth and opinion

one may accept that opinion, but the acceptance is not as high as the one who holds and expresses the truth. For example, we can accept the opinion of social media influencers about certain matters but does not necessarily mean that we will believe it compared to those who are saying the truth.

Level of Acceptability of truth and opinion

a person who speaks the truth becomes more reliable and more valued than those who express only opinions.

Truth is being valued, more than opinion

A general term commony used to reter to the entire human race. Other terms include humanity, mankind and humankind

Man

human beings refers to a man as a species - homo Sapiens or modern human beings.

Human Being

Refers to a being consisting of life and a soul and has the capacity of conscious thought.

PERSON

locality an individual, self-awareness,self-determination, and the capacity to interact with others and with himself or herself.

Human person

Plato, "Theory of Ideas" "Human beings are defined by the mind or soul, which governs the body? • According to Plato, human beings are determined by their form rather than matter. • Later on, George Berkely argued that a human person is the one "who thinks, wills, and perceives" • Spirit

Idealism

Aristotle, "Body and Soul/Mind" "Human beings are not just composed of body and soul but are the union of these substances". • Body constitutes that matter of the human person. • Soul corresponds to the form of the person. • Cartesian Dualism, Rene Descartes • The human person is composed of body and mind/soul, essentially thinking things or being.

DUALISM

is the view that only physical things exist • A human being is simply a body "material and physical" rather than both a body and mind/soul. • Physicalists argue that the mind is identical to the brain, which is physically present in a human being

physicalism

Attributes of Human Person

•HUMAN PERSON POSSESSES THE CAPACITY TO ACT ON HIS OR HER OWN ACCORD •HUMAN PERSON CAN DECIDE AND EVALUATE VARIOUS MATTERS IN LIFE •HUMAN PERSON CAN ESTABLISH RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS •HUMAN PERSON TEND TO SET GOALS AND IS SELF-DIRECTED •HUMAN PERSON IS SELF-AWARE AND SEEKS PLEASURE FOR HIS OR HER ENJOYMENT •HUMAN PERSON IS ENDOWED WITH RIGHTS AND DIGNITY •HUMAN PERSON IS A LINGUISTIC AND SELF INTERPRETING BEING •HUMAN PERSON IS THOUGHT TO POSSESS A CAPACITY FOR SELF-IDENTIFICATION

is the process of being materialized (to appear as bodily or physical form) or incarnated

Embodied

We usually think of a spirit being incarnated. Body (purely physical being) + SPIRIT ( mind, will, and emotions) = Embodied Spirit Embodiment of the spirit refers to the inseparable union of the human body and soul. Embodied Spirit means that the body is not separate from the soul, just as the soul is not separate from the body. It means that a human person is the point of convergence between the material and spiritual entity, the body and the soul.

Embodied Spirit

• Answers the "WHAT" of a person, what is made up of a person, the characteristics of or capabilities of a person.

METAPHYSICS APPROACH

A human person is essentially just his/ her spirit. This view maintains that a human person has both body and spirit but claims that it is the spirit that essentially dennes the human person.

Disembodied Spirit View

refers to the quality or condition of being present. Therefore, anything that exists in the world in called Immanent

Immamence

Trans- go beyond & sedicare - cumb. tus means going beyond limitation by exerting effort. • Ability to surpass one's limitation. • Overcoming oneself

TRANSCENDENCE

Characteristics of Human Person

•A human person is a rational being. •A human person is born free. •A human person is unique. •A human person is intrinsically a social being •A human person is sexual by nature.

Values of doing philosophy

•Intellectually Competent •Intellectual Training •Clear Mind •Ideological Expression •Illumination •Diverse Perspectives •Reflective •Explorer of Truth

10 Commandments of philosophy

-Allow the spirit of wonder to flourish in your breast. -Doubt everything unsupported by evidence until the evidence convinces you of its truth. -Love the truth -Divide and Conquer -Collect and construct -Conjecture and refute -Revise and Rebuild -Seek simplicity -Live the good -Live the truth

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