Drugs approved for primary pulmonary hypertension are recommended for patients with a pulmonary hypertension secondary to COPD.

Which of the following is NOT typically found in a patient with COPD?

What is the single most common etiologic factor in emphysema?

Which of the following tests is recommended as part of the initial assessment of asthma?

What treatment for patients with COPD has been shown to improve long-term survival?

Which of the following combination drugs are more effective than the individual components in improving lung function and reducing exacerbations in patients with exacerbations and moderate to very severe COPD?

According to the GOLD report, which of the following is the greatest worldwide risk factor for COPD?

The following are clinical indicators for considering a diagnosis of COPD, except

This type of COPD is due to the exposure to household pollution, ambient air pollution, wildfire smoke, and occupational hazards.

Which of the following are used to confirm the diagnosis of COPD? 1. Presence of a chronic cough 2. Chronic exposure to environmental smoke 3. FEV1/FVC ratio greater than 0.70 4. FEV1 <80%

Regular treatment with mucolytics such as Carbocysteine reduces the risk of exacerbations in selected populations

The following are strategies to help the patient willing to quit smoking

The intrathoracic causes of chronic cough include the following except

One of the goals to reduce the symptoms of stable COPD is

Vaccinations recommended by the CDC for stable COPD are the following except

Which of the following is or are commonly cultured in the sputum of patients with bronchiectasis? 1.Streptococcus pneumoniae 2.Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.Haemophilus influenzae 4.Klebsiella

Which of the following medications is indicated for REGULAR use in patients with stable COPD?

Education is needed to change patient's knowledge but there is no evidence that if used alone, it will change patient behavior.

In chronic bronchitis: 1.The bronchial walls are narrowed because of vasoconstriction 2.The bronchial glands are enlarged 3.The number of goblet cells is decreased 4.The number of cilia lining the tracheobronchial tree is increased

Indications for respiratory or medical ICU admission are the following except

Which of the following is an indication for invasive mechanical ventilation?

What medication is currently the most effective for the treatment of asthma?

In the United States, the primary factor leading to the development of COPD is:

Asthma is associated with which of the following 1.Increase in goblet cells 2.Damage to cilia and deduced mucus clearance 3.Increase in bronchial gland size 4.Decrease in eosinophils

Which complaint is most closely associated with the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

Which of the following is considered the hallmark of bronchiectasis?

Patients with severe chronic bronchitis may demonstrate which of the following? 1.Peripheral edema 2.Distended neck veins 3.An elevated hemoglobin concentration 4.An enlarged liver

During an asthmatic episode, the smooth muscles of the bronchi may hypertrophy as much as:

Which of the following medications is generally only used if the patient still has debilitating symptoms from stable COPD, despite inhaled bronchodilator therapy?

Which type of medication improves lung function and reduces moderate and severe exacerbations?

This type of COPD is due to Alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency.

What type of emphysema creates an abnormal enlargement of all structures distal to the terminal bronchioles?

What treatment for patients with COPD has been shown to improve long-term survival?

In which of the following forms of bronchiectasis are the bronchi dilated and constricted in an irregular fashion? 1.Fusiform 2.Saccular 3.Varicose 4.Cylindrical

Emphysema is defined as:

The most common risk factor for development of lung cancer is

Which of the following medications is indicated for REGULAR use in patients with stable COPD

Which of the following bacteria are commonly found in the tracheobronchial tree of patients with chronic bronchitis? 1.Staphylococcus 2.Haemophilus influenzae 3.Klebsiella 4.Streptococcus pneumonia

According to GOLD, at what age can the initial diagnosis of COPD be made?

The management of COPD may include: 1. annual influenza immunization. 2. bronchopulmonary hygiene procedures. 3. bronchodilators. 4. smoking cessation

Indications for noninvasive mechanical ventilation include at least one of the following

What test is most useful for the diagnosis of asthma in a symptom-free patient?

Which of the following symptoms is NOT a classic symptom of asthma?

Mucoregulators that reduce the frequency of COPD exacerbations include the following except

It should be considered in malnourished patients with COPD.

Pulmonary rehabilitation leads to a reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Management of severe but not life- threatening exacerbations include the following: (Select all that apply)

How long is the duration of action of Salbutamol (extended release)?

Which of the following asthma medications is not usually administered during pregnancy?