In the year A.D. 80, the Colosseum opened with what must stand as quite the longest and most disgusting mass binge in history. Various sorts of large-scale slaughter, both of animals and men, were appreciatively watched by the

Titus was quite happy footing the enormous bill just as he and his father, the imperial _____ had already footed the bill for building this vast arena. Such payments were the privilege of power.1

The play of early societies; One would expect a chronological study to begin by examining the play of prehistoric peoples during the ______ and ______ epochs.

The game of _____ widely practiced in Central America centuries ago,

Other Play Functions; american tribes

25 flutes Jiahu in province,

Other Play Functions; The flutes, which were made of bone, contain seven holes that correspond to a scale similar to the ______. This tone scale indicates that musicians living in 7000 B.C. could compose and play music.

The Egyptian culture was a rich and diversified one; it achieved an advanced knowledge of astronomy, architecture, engineering, agriculture, and construction. The Egyptians had a varied class structure, with a powerful nobility, priesthood, and military class and lesser classes of workers, artisans, peasants, and slaves. This civilization, which lasted from about 5000 B.C. well into the Roman era, was richly recorded

The land known as the _____ between two great rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, was ruled by two powerful empires _____ and _____

Ancient Assyria and Babylon These kingdoms were in power for approximately 26 centuries, from about 2900 B.C. until the invasion by ______ in 330 B.C. Like the ancient Egyptians, the Assyrians and Babylonians had many popular recreation activities, such as boxing, wrestling, archery, and a variety of table games.

Ancient Assyria and Babylonia In addition to watching dancing, listening to music, and giving banquets, Assyrians were also devoted to hunting; the nobles of Assyria went _____ in chariots and on foot, using spears. The chase was a daily occupation, recorded for history in numerous reliefs, sculptures, and inscriptions. As early as the ninth century B.C., parks were established as sites for royal hunting parties. They also provided settings for feasts, assemblies, and royal gatherings.

Ancient Israel spected and was particularly used on occasions of celebration and triumph. Like other ancient societies, the ancient Hebrews also engaged in hunting, fishing, wrestling, and the use of such weapons as the ______ for both recreational and defensive purposes.

—as a time for people to rest from work and to worship.

Ancient Greece In the city-states of ancient Greece, particularly in Athens during the so-called ________ from about 500 to 400 B.C., humankind reached a new peak of philosophical and cultural development. The Athenians took great interest in the arts, in learning, and in athletics. These pursuits were generally restricted to wellborn, aristocratic noblemen, who had full rights of citizenship, including voting and participation in affairs of state.

who outnumbered citizens by as much as two or three to one. The amenities of life were generally restricted to the most wealthy and powerful citizens, who represented the Athenian ideal of the balanced man (__, __,___,___)

___ believed that education should be compulsory and that it should provide natural modes of amusement for children:

Changes in Greek Leisure gradual transition occurred in the Greek approach to leisure and play. At first, all citizens were expected to participate in sports and games, and the Olympic games were restricted to free-born Greeks only. Gradually, however, the religious and cultural functions of the Olympic games and other festivals were weakened by athletic ________,______ and _____

The Romans, however, had a different concept of leisure than the Greeks. Although the Latin words for “leisure” and “business” are

Roman 4 social levels:

Emperor Tiberius (A.D. 14–37), competitive sport in the Roman Empire had become completely commercialized. To maintain political popularity and placate the bored masses, the emperors and the senate provided great parades, circuses, and feasts. The Roman games featured contests that were fought to the death between _____ using various weapons, on ____, on ______, or in _____. Even sea battles were fought in artificially constructed lakes in the Roman arenas. Imported wild beasts, such as tigers and elephants, were pitted against each other or against human antagonists. Christians, in particular, were slaughtered in such games. Tacitus wrote that many

Ancient Rome: were dressed in the skins of wild beasts, and exposed to be torn to pieces by dogs in the public games, were _____, or condemned to be ____; and at nightfall serve in place of lamps to light the darkness, Nero’s own gardens being used for the purpose.6

Ancient Rome The society became marked by the wealth and profiteering of businessmen and speculators, with the cooperation of the rulers and governing officials. In time, a huge urban population of plebs lived in semi-idleness, because most of the work was done by coloni and slaves brought to Rome. Gradually it became necessary for the Roman emperors and senate to amuse and entertain the plebs; they did so with doles of grain and with public games—in other words, _____

were dressed in the skins of wild beasts, and exposed to be torn to pieces by dogs in the public games, were crucified, or condemned to be burnt; and at nightfall serve in place of lamps to light the darkness, Nero’s own gardens being used for the purpose. Both animals and humans were maimed and butchered in cruel and horrible ways. Spectacles were often lewd and obscene, leading to mass _____, ______, and ______ that profoundly weakened the Roman state.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA: DARK AND MIDDLE AGES ruled that the rite of baptism could not be extended to those connected with the stage

EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA: DARK AND MIDDLE AGES in A.D. 398 the ______ excommunicated those who attended the theater on holy days.

The influential Benedictine order in particular insisted on the dignity of labor. Their rule read, “Idleness is the ________. Therefore, monks should always be occupied either in __________.”

Pastimes in the Middle Ages Despite disapproval from the church, many forms of play continued during the Middle Ages: Medieval society was marked by rigid class stratification; below the nobility and clergy were the PEASANTS, who were divided into such ranks as ______,______,____ and _____

A vigorous and tiring sport, it was also believed to prevent _________

Pasttimes in middle ages ______ also served as a useful preparation for war. In a later era, the ______ pointed out that since the main concern of the prince must be war, he must never cease thinking of it. In times of peace, thoughts of war should be directed to the sport of hunting.

Other pastimes during the Middle Ages were various types of games and gambling, music and dance, sport, and jousting. The games played in castles and medieval manors included early forms of _____, _____,_____ and ____ Gambling was popular, although forbidden by both ecclesiastical and royal authority.

who outnumbered citizens by as much as two or three to one. The amenities of life were generally restricted to the most wealthy and powerful citizens, who represented the Athenian ideal of the balanced man (__, __,___,___)

chivalry in french

The people of the Middle Ages had an insatiable love of ______ and would travel great distances to see entertainments. There was no religious event, parish fair, municipal feast, or military parade that did not bring great crowds of people.

An illustration of the extent to which popular recreation expanded during the Middle Ages is found in the famous painting of children’s games by the Flemish artist

Historians generally view the first half of the Middle Ages in Europe (roughly from A.D. 400 to 1000) as the Dark Ages, and the next 400 to 500 years as le haut Moyen Age, or High Middle Age.

The term renaissance means

The Rennaissance; Play as Education The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers as

Rabelais and His account of the education of ________ describes play as an exercise for mind and body.

The ______ was a religious movement of the ______ that resulted in the establishment of a number of Protestant sects whose leaders broke away from Roman Catholicism

_________ was insisted upon, which meant the forbidding of gambling, card playing, dancing, wearing of finery, singing of gay songs, feasting, drinking and the like

late Renaissance. The first were royal hunting preserves or parks, some of which have become famous public parks today, such as the 4,000-acre _______ and the ________. Second were the _____ and _______ designed according to the so-called French style of landscape architecture. Third were the English garden parks, which strove to produce naturalistic landscape effects. This became the prevailing style in most European cities.