It is determined by the microscopic method:

Which of the following components is present in gram-negativebacteria but not in gram-positive bacteria?

Which one of the following agents lacks nucleic acid?

A 65-year-old man develops dementia, progressive over severalmonths, along with ataxia and somnolence. An electroencephalographicpattern shows paroxysms with high voltages and slow waves, suggestive of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). By whichof the following agents is this disease caused?

Which one of the following is a prokaryote?

Which one of the following agents simultaneously contains both DNA and RNA?

Which of the following terms does NOT describe the bacterial chromosome?

Micrococci are arranged in:

Refers to simple staining:

The nucleoid of the bacterial cell is involved in: 1) Reproduction 2) The movement 3) Spore formation 4) Mesasome formation

Mesosomes are involved in: 1) Division 2) The movement 3) Spore formation 4) Resistance to antibiotics

Cytoplasmic membrane are involved in: 1) Division 2) The movement 3) Spore formation 4) Resistance to antibiotics

A series of letters containing spores of Bacillus anthracis were mailed to members of the media. The result was 22 cases of anthrax, with five deaths. The heat resistance of bacterial spores, such as those of Bacillusanthracis, is partly attributable to their dehydrated state andpartly to thepresence of large amounts of

The correct statement for bacterial flagella is:

A group of teenagers became ill with nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea after eating undercooked hamburgers from a local restaurant. Two of the teenagers were hospitalized with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated from the patient’s stools as well as from uncooked hamburgers. The H7 refers to which bacterial structure?

Being outside the cell wall of the bacterium, it ensures adhesion to the surface of the host cell:

They are located on the surface of the bacterial cell wall and provide attachment to the host cell:

Mycoplasma species lack which of the following components?

Correct statement for pseudohyphae:

Morphological features of dimorphic fungi:

Perfect fungi include:

Refers to imperfect fungi:

Characteristically for the protozoa:

It is not typical for the protozoa:

DNA type viruses refer to:

Not characteristic for viruses:

Specific to viruses:

DNA type viruses refer to:

Which of them enveloped DNA virus:

Which of them enveloped DNA virus:

Based on the effect of saturated steam under high pressure:

Which nutrient medium is used for the differentiation of Gram negative bacilli?

Nutrient media used in:

Rickettsia does not grow:

The interaction of a temperate phage with a bacterial cell leads to:

The interaction of a virulent phage with a bacterial cell leads to:

Lysogenic bacteriaphage:

Detection of the agent in patient specimens by nucleic acid testing.

Detection of the agent in patient specimens by nucleic acid testing.

Detection of the agent in patient specimens by nucleic acid testing

Direct transfer of the donor DNA fragment to the recipient cell without any means is called:

Deletion:

F plazmid play main role in the:

Which one of the following terms characterizes the interaction between herpes simplex virus and a human?

Mutualistic symbiosis includes: 1) Antagonism 2) Parasitism 3) Satellism 4) Metabiosis

During satelliteism:

Determine X, Y and Z:

Microorganisms are not normally found: 1) Nasal cavity 2) Lungs 3) Bronchi 4) Nasopharynx

Which site does not have a normal flora?

The correct statement for the probiotics:

The correct statement for the normal microbiota of the human body:

The correct statement for the normal microbiota of the human body:

Usually sterile: 1) vagina 2) ureters 3) bladder 4) gastrointestinal tract

The normal obligate microflora of the vagina refers to:

Does not apply to the functions of representatives of normal microflora:

Resident flora is commonly found in the

The correct statement for the phenotype of the bacterium is:

Not true for plasmids:

The distinguishing feature of Hfr-strain is:

After conjugation between the F+ and F— cells:

After conjugation between Hfr-strain and F- cell:

In genetic engineering, it is used for transfer recombinant DNA into recipient cells: ,

The polymerase chain reaction is based on:

What form of symbiosis between microorganisms is characterized by the production of bacteriocins?

What form of symbiosis between microorganisms is characterized by the production of antibiotics?

What is a bactericidal effect?

What is the bacteriastatic effect?

Fluoroquinolones include:

Derivatives of metronidazolehave:

Beta-lactam antibiotics:

Derivatives of imidazoles (ketoconazole, etc. ) have:

It has an antifungal effect:

It is used to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics:

Beta-lactam antibiotics:

Related to macrolides:

Regarding tetracyclines:

Aminoglycosides include:

Polyene antibiotics:

It has an antimicrobial effect by inhibiting protein synthesis:

It does not belong to the mechanisms of antimicrobial action of antibiotics:

β-Lactamases are an important cause of antibiotic resistance. Which one of the following is the most common site where β-lactamases are located?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains:

Beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitors include:

Sulbactam is:

The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics is determined by:

The minimum bactericidal concentration of the antibiotic:

The mechanism of transduction is:

Hundreds of phylotypes have been identified in the human stomach; however, the only microorganism that has been shown to persist is

Which of the following is the most resistant to destruction by chemicals and heat?

Pathogenic microorganisms differ from saprophytes:

Adhesion:

Provides adhesion:

The pathogenicity factors of microorganisms are:

Colonization:

The process whereby bacteria, animal parasites, fungi, and viruses enter host cells or tissues and spread in the body:

It refers to the virulence factors of microorganisms:

Does not apply to aggression enzymes:

It refers to the pathogenicity factors of microorganisms:

Specific for exotoxins: 1) It is secreted by the microbial cell into the external environment 2) But it is found in gram negative bacteria 3) It is synthesized by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria 4) Contains protein 5) Contains lipopolysaccharide