Hornworts, Liverworts & Mosses. (spore-bearing non-vascular plants)

Ferns, Horsetails & Lycophytes • (spore-bearing vascular plants)

(seed-bearing vascular plants)

(cone-bearing plants)

(flowering plants)

It consists of the female structures in flowers • (i.e., stigma, style, ovary) |

Is a structure where the pollen grains must land during pollination.

• The stalk of the stigma that leads to the ovary. Within it is the pollen tube.

• The female structure in flowers that house the female gametes.

Small structures within the ovary. Each of them contains an egg nucleus.

• Refers to the male portion of the flower. It consists of anthers and filaments.

• The male structure that produces and stores the pollen grains.

The staminal structure that serves as the stalk of the anther.

• The colorful leaf-life structures in flowers that primarily attract pollinators.

• Green leaf-like structures that protect the structures in a flower bud.

The thickened portion below the ovary where floral structures grow.

• The stalk of the flower which provides support to all floral parts.

• A genetic feature in dandelions, which therefore, allows them to produce viable seeds without undergoing pollination. • Allows the production of embryos from unfertilized eggs in ovules.

• Allows plant parts to produce buds that can develop into new individuals.

performs vegetative propagation through the buds that emerge from stolons or runners.

• Contain the male gametophytes in angiosperms. • Each pollen grain consists of two sperm nuclei from the generative nucleus. • The tube nucleus will transport the sperm during pollination.

The primary sex cell that is fertilized is the egg nucleus or egg cell. • Only the polar nuclei and egg nucleus will have descendants in seeds. • Each ovule or embryo sac in the ovary of the flower consists of eight nuclei.

produces a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm.

The ____ allows the continuous upward growth of the plant.

Important anchoring and supporting the plant. It is responsible for absorbing water and minerals from the soil. The presence of its root hairs makes this absorption efficient.

are plants that store the product of photosynthesis in their roots.

Plant anchors the plant and supports the leaves in exposing it to sunlight to make photosynthesis possible. The ___ includes stems, branches, and leaves.

• Contains vascular tissues for transporting water and other substances, attaches the stem to the rest of the leaf.

• composed of modified sclerenchyma cells.

Composed of elongated tube-like structures placed end-to-end. These tubes transport sugars and nutrients.

Can travel via porous cell walls but then must enter endodermal cells because of the Casparian strip. Apoplast (Through Cell Wall) Symplast (Through Cytoplasm)

is a process in which the plant absorbs water through roots and releases water vapor through the pores in the leaves.

form an opening between the cells to facilitate the free movement of water through the vessel.

is where the solutes cross the interconnected cytoplasm.

• is where the solutes move within the extracellular spaces.

The movement of sucrose in phloem is called __ where it moves from source to sink.

• refer to the materials needed by the plants in larger amounts.

• refer to the materials needed by the plants in small amounts.

• This is needed for the synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids for the cell membrane of plant cells.

is essential for proteins and nucleic acid synthesis.

• This is important in the regulation of stomatal opening and closing through the potassium ion pump.

These elements are usually needed in the form of water and oxygen gas Water and oxygen are both necessary for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

This element is needed to form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and other relevant compounds.

is considered as a macromolecule since it is a common component of some amino acids like cysteine and methionine.

• regulates nutrient transport and at the same time supports many enzyme functions.

Together with other micronutrients, ___ is essential maintaining the plant's for ionic balance.

This element is relevant in carbohydrate transport in plants. ___ is also important in assisting metabolic regulation. Plants lacking __ often experience bud dieback.

• This element is needed for osmosis and ionic balance in plants.

is an important component of some enzymes. ___ deficiency can lead to browning of leaves and yellowing of the leaves.

This element is needed for chlorophyll synthesis.

• This element is needed for the activation of enzymes needed for chlorophyll formation.

This element is needed for transforming nitrates into usable forms. This is needed for nitrogen fixation.

This participates chlorophyll formation and at the same time, needed for the activation of many enzymes.

The vascular tissues that are responsible for the transport of minerals and water from roots to other parts of the plants • It has two separate chambers: tracheids and vessels transporting minerals for and water.

This is the primary vascular tissue needed for the transport of nutrients and food from roots to other growing parts of plants.

• Water loss through the stem and leaves.

• Ability of the water to flow through narrow spaces in the xylem and phloem. • Collection of water and nutrients from the soil through the roots

• play a role in plant growth, cell expansion, and inducing cell division in various plant tissues.

• play a role in cell division. They also play a role in cell differentiation, aging, and the maintenance of meristems.

• also promote growth and are notable in their role in the elongation of plant stems. They are also known to stimulate flower development and leaf senescence.

• plays a role in the ripening of fruits and in the growth and aging of plants. This hormone is also responsible for initiating various responses against stress.

used to detect or sense the presence of red light.

This response refers to how plants ise light to track time and trace emporal changes. Some plants sense that the appropriate light for the current season is present, so they will start to produce flowers.

• This refers to the orientation of plants as a response to light. In most cases, plants grow towards a light source. This response may be positive or negative depending on whether plants orient themselves to or away from a light source.

• __ refers to the directional response of plant parts to gravity.

growing against the direction of the pull of gravity.

growing like the direction of the pull of gravity.

• Directional response of plants to mechanical stimuli.

• Response to stimulus regardless of direction

Growth changes due to the constant mechanical stimulus

The opening and closing of stomata depends on the increase or decrease in the water potential of the guard cells. Thus, plants can regulate the amount of water vapor that is lost when the stomata of their leaves remain open,

Water intake by the developing seed activates gibberellin, which, in turn, activates amylase. Consequently, the amylase initiates the breakdown of starch, which stimulates the ____

Induce tissue damage, serve as signals to attract other organisms that can target the herbivores.

• Deactivate digestive enzymes in herbivores and cause indigestion in their gut.

poisonous to many herbivores usually to vertebrate species, usually cause stomach irritation and protein indigestion.

Help in the release of other volatile compounds, phenols for defense, and cause various negative effects in the herbivore's digestive system.

• Contain metabolites that can be toxic to herbivores; examples include the plants from the family Apocynacee (e.g., yellow bell), with a highly toxic sap.

• a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.

ATLAS MOTH

EUROPEAN STAG BEETLE

MOSQUITO

MONARCH BUTTERFLY

• a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.

is characterized by distinct larval and pupal stages.

is characterized by an aquatic juvenile stage

• is characterized by a terrestrial juvenile stage.

involves the splitting of the parent individual into two approximately equal halves.

involves breaking body parts into fragments. Thereafter, each fragment will regenerate into fully functional individuals

involves an outgrowth or bud forming in the body of an adult. Eventually, it will detach to develop as a complete individual.

involves the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg.

• Eggs are laid and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the stored yolk nutrients.

Embryos are nourished in eggs, which remain in the parent's body until they hatch.

• Embryos are nourished by the placenta until the mother gives birt to live young.

• The gastrovascular cavity of ___ is lined with specialized cells that use diffusion to distribute nutrients to other cells.

• Present in arthropods and mollusks.

• Present instead of blood. heart to vessels to tissue spaces.

• such as grasshoppers have an open circulatory system that hemolymph which is pumped by the heart into tissue spaces.

• Present in earthworms, squids, & ocropuses. Blood is present in a ___ system.

Dissolved in the blood