問題一覧
1
Hornworts, Liverworts & Mosses.
(spore-bearing non-vascular plants)
Non-Vascular Plants
2
Ferns, Horsetails & Lycophytes
• (spore-bearing vascular plants)
Pteridophytes
3
(seed-bearing vascular plants)
Spermatophytes
4
(cone-bearing plants)
Gymnosperms
5
(flowering plants)
Angiosperms
6
It consists of the female structures in flowers
• (i.e., stigma, style, ovary) |
PISTIL
7
Is a structure where the pollen grains must land during pollination.
STIGMA
8
• The stalk of the stigma that leads to the ovary. Within it is the pollen tube.
STYLE
9
• The female structure in flowers that house the female gametes.
OVARY
10
Small structures within the ovary.
Each of them contains an egg
nucleus.
OVULE
11
• Refers to the male portion of the flower. It consists of anthers and
filaments.
STAMEN
12
• The male structure that produces and stores the pollen grains.
ANTHER
13
The staminal structure that serves as the stalk of the anther.
FILAMENT
14
• The colorful leaf-life structures in flowers that primarily attract
pollinators.
Petals
15
• Green leaf-like structures that protect the structures in a flower bud.
SEPALS
16
The thickened portion below the ovary where floral structures grow.
RECEPTACLE
17
• The stalk of the flower which provides support to all floral parts.
PEDICEL
18
• A genetic feature in dandelions,
which therefore, allows them to produce viable seeds without undergoing pollination.
• Allows the production of embryos
from unfertilized eggs in ovules.
APOMIXIS
19
• Allows plant parts to produce buds that can develop into new individuals.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
20
performs
vegetative
propagation through the buds that emerge from stolons or runners.
Strawberries (Fragaria Sp.)
21
• Contain the male gametophytes in angiosperms.
• Each pollen
grain consists of two
sperm nuclei from the generative nucleus.
• The tube nucleus will transport the sperm during pollination.
POLLEN GRAINS
22
The primary sex cell that is fertilized is the egg nucleus or egg cell.
• Only the polar nuclei and egg
nucleus will have descendants in seeds.
• Each ovule or embryo sac in the ovary of the flower consists of eight nuclei.
OVULE
23
produces a diploid embryo and a
triploid endosperm.
Double Fertilization
24
The ____ allows the continuous upward growth of the plant.
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
25
Important anchoring and supporting the plant. It is responsible for absorbing water and minerals
from the soil. The presence of its root hairs makes this absorption efficient.
ROOT SYSTEM
26
are plants that store the product of photosynthesis in their roots.
Carrots and potatoes
27
Plant anchors the plant and supports the leaves in exposing it to sunlight to make photosynthesis possible. The
___ includes stems, branches, and leaves.
SHOOT SYSTEM
28
• Contains vascular tissues for transporting water and other substances, attaches the stem to the rest of the leaf.
PETIOLE
29
• composed of modified sclerenchyma cells.
TRACHEID AND VESSEL ELEMENTS OF XYLEM
30
Composed of elongated tube-like structures placed end-to-end. These tubes transport sugars and nutrients.
SIEVE TUBES
31
Can travel via porous cell walls but
then must enter
endodermal cells
because of the Casparian strip.
Apoplast (Through Cell Wall)
Symplast (Through
Cytoplasm)
WATER AND MINERALS
32
is a process in which the plant absorbs water through roots and releases water vapor
through the
pores in the leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
33
form an opening between the cells to facilitate the free movement of water through the vessel.
PERFORATION PLATES
34
is where the solutes cross
the interconnected cytoplasm.
INTRACELLULAR ROUTE
35
• is where the solutes move within the
extracellular spaces.
EXTRACELLULAR ROUTE
36
The movement of sucrose in phloem is called
__ where it
moves from source to sink.
TRANSLOCATION
37
• refer to the materials needed by the plants in larger amounts.
MACRONUTRIENTS
38
• refer to the materials needed by the plants in small amounts.
MICRONUTRIENTS
39
• This is needed for the synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids for the cell membrane of plant cells.
PHOSPHORUS
40
is essential for proteins and nucleic acid synthesis.
NITROGEN
41
• This is important in the regulation of stomatal opening and closing
through the potassium ion pump.
POTASSIUM
42
These elements are usually needed in the form of water and oxygen gas Water and oxygen are both necessary for photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
43
This element is needed to form carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, and other
relevant compounds.
CARBON
44
is considered as a macromolecule since it is a common component of some amino acids like cysteine and methionine.
SULFUR
45
• regulates nutrient transport and at the same time supports many
enzyme functions.
CALCIUM
46
Together with other micronutrients, ___ is essential
maintaining the plant's
for ionic balance.
MAGNESIUM
47
This element is relevant in
carbohydrate
transport in plants.
___ is also important in assisting
metabolic regulation. Plants lacking __ often experience bud dieback.
BORON
48
• This element is needed for osmosis and ionic balance in plants.
CHLORINE
49
is an important component of some enzymes. ___ deficiency can lead to browning of leaves and yellowing of the leaves.
COPPER
50
This element is needed for chlorophyll synthesis.
IRON
51
• This
element is needed for the activation of enzymes needed for chlorophyll formation.
MANGANESE
52
This element is needed for transforming nitrates into usable forms. This is needed for nitrogen fixation.
MOLYBDENUM
53
This
participates
chlorophyll formation and at the
same time, needed for the activation of many enzymes.
ZINC
54
The vascular tissues
that are
responsible for the transport of
minerals and water from roots to other parts of the plants
• It has two separate chambers:
tracheids and vessels transporting
minerals for and water.
Xylem
55
This is the primary vascular tissue needed for the transport of nutrients and food from roots to other growing parts of plants.
PHLOEM
56
• Water loss through the stem and leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
57
• Ability of the water to flow through narrow spaces in the xylem and
phloem.
• Collection of water and nutrients from the soil through the roots
COHESION
58
• play a role in plant growth, cell expansion, and inducing cell division in various plant tissues.
AUXINS
59
• play a role in cell division. They also play a role in cell differentiation, aging, and the maintenance of
meristems.
CYTOKININS
60
• also promote growth and are notable in their role in the elongation of plant stems. They are also known to stimulate flower development and leaf senescence.
GIBBERELLINS
61
• plays a role in the ripening of fruits and in the growth and aging of
plants.
This hormone is
also responsible for initiating
various responses against stress.
ETHYLENE
62
used to detect or sense the presence of red light.
PHYTOCHROMES
63
This response refers to how plants ise light to track time and trace emporal changes. Some plants sense
that the appropriate light for the
current season is present, so they will start to produce flowers.
PHOTOPERIODISM
64
• This refers to the orientation of plants as a response to light. In most cases, plants grow towards a light source.
This response may be positive or negative depending on
whether
plants orient themselves to or away from a light source.
PHOTOTROPISM
65
• __ refers to the directional response of plant parts to gravity.
GRAVITROPISM
66
growing against the direction of the pull of gravity.
Negative gravitropism
67
growing like the direction of the pull of gravity.
Positive gravitropism
68
• Directional response of plants to mechanical stimuli.
THIGMOTROPISM
69
• Response to stimulus regardless of direction
THIGMONASTY
70
Growth changes due to the constant
mechanical stimulus
THIGMOMORPHOGENESIS
71
The opening and closing of stomata depends on the increase or decrease in the water potential of the guard
cells. Thus, plants can regulate the amount of water vapor that is lost
when
the stomata of their leaves
remain open,
STOMATAL OPENING
72
Water intake by the developing seed activates gibberellin, which, in turn,
activates amylase. Consequently, the
amylase initiates the breakdown of
starch, which stimulates the ____
SEED GERMINATION
73
Induce tissue damage, serve as
signals to attract other
organisms
that can target the herbivores.
VOLATILE SUBSTANCES TO ATTRACT DETERRENTS
74
• Deactivate digestive
enzymes in herbivores and cause indigestion in their gut.
PHENOLICS
75
poisonous to many herbivores usually to vertebrate species, usually cause
stomach irritation and protein
indigestion.
TANNINS
76
Help in the release of other volatile compounds, phenols for defense, and cause various negative effects in the
herbivore's digestive system.
ETHYLENE
77
• Contain metabolites that can be toxic to herbivores; examples include the plants from the family Apocynacee (e.g., yellow bell), with a highly toxic sap.
SAP
78
• a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
METAMORPHOSIS
79
ATLAS MOTH
(ATTACUS SP.)
80
EUROPEAN STAG BEETLE
(LUCANUS CERVUS)
81
MOSQUITO
(AEDES ALBOPICTUS)
82
MONARCH BUTTERFLY
(DANAUS PLEXIPPUS)
83
• a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
METAMORPHOSIS
84
is characterized by distinct larval and pupal stages.
COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
85
is characterized by an aquatic juvenile stage
INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS (HEMIMETABOLOUS)
86
• is characterized by a terrestrial juvenile stage.
INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS (PAUROMETABOLOUS)
87
involves the splitting of the parent individual
into two approximately
equal halves.
FISSION
88
involves breaking body parts into fragments. Thereafter, each fragment will regenerate into fully functional individuals
FRAGMENTATION
89
involves an outgrowth or bud forming in the body of an adult. Eventually, it will detach to develop as a complete individual.
BUDDING
90
involves the
development of an
embryo from an unfertilized egg.
PARTHENOGENESIS
91
• Eggs are laid and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the stored yolk nutrients.
OVIPAROUS
92
Embryos are
nourished in eggs,
which remain in the parent's body until they hatch.
OVOVIVIPAROUS
93
• Embryos are nourished by the
placenta until the mother gives birt to live young.
VIVIPAROUS
94
• The gastrovascular cavity of ___ is lined with
specialized cells that use diffusion to distribute nutrients to other cells.
HYDRAS AND PLANARIANS
95
• Present in arthropods and mollusks.
OPEN
96
• Present instead of blood. heart to vessels to tissue spaces.
HEMOLYMPH
97
• such as grasshoppers have an open
circulatory system that hemolymph which is pumped by the heart into tissue spaces.
ARTHROPODS
98
• Present in earthworms, squids, &
ocropuses. Blood is present in a
___ system.
CLOSED
99
Dissolved in the blood
HEMOGLOBIN
100
• This is common in fishes. The heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle. Ventricle sends blood unde pressure to the gills
SINGLE-LOOP
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1
Hornworts, Liverworts & Mosses.
(spore-bearing non-vascular plants)
Non-Vascular Plants
2
Ferns, Horsetails & Lycophytes
• (spore-bearing vascular plants)
Pteridophytes
3
(seed-bearing vascular plants)
Spermatophytes
4
(cone-bearing plants)
Gymnosperms
5
(flowering plants)
Angiosperms
6
It consists of the female structures in flowers
• (i.e., stigma, style, ovary) |
PISTIL
7
Is a structure where the pollen grains must land during pollination.
STIGMA
8
• The stalk of the stigma that leads to the ovary. Within it is the pollen tube.
STYLE
9
• The female structure in flowers that house the female gametes.
OVARY
10
Small structures within the ovary.
Each of them contains an egg
nucleus.
OVULE
11
• Refers to the male portion of the flower. It consists of anthers and
filaments.
STAMEN
12
• The male structure that produces and stores the pollen grains.
ANTHER
13
The staminal structure that serves as the stalk of the anther.
FILAMENT
14
• The colorful leaf-life structures in flowers that primarily attract
pollinators.
Petals
15
• Green leaf-like structures that protect the structures in a flower bud.
SEPALS
16
The thickened portion below the ovary where floral structures grow.
RECEPTACLE
17
• The stalk of the flower which provides support to all floral parts.
PEDICEL
18
• A genetic feature in dandelions,
which therefore, allows them to produce viable seeds without undergoing pollination.
• Allows the production of embryos
from unfertilized eggs in ovules.
APOMIXIS
19
• Allows plant parts to produce buds that can develop into new individuals.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
20
performs
vegetative
propagation through the buds that emerge from stolons or runners.
Strawberries (Fragaria Sp.)
21
• Contain the male gametophytes in angiosperms.
• Each pollen
grain consists of two
sperm nuclei from the generative nucleus.
• The tube nucleus will transport the sperm during pollination.
POLLEN GRAINS
22
The primary sex cell that is fertilized is the egg nucleus or egg cell.
• Only the polar nuclei and egg
nucleus will have descendants in seeds.
• Each ovule or embryo sac in the ovary of the flower consists of eight nuclei.
OVULE
23
produces a diploid embryo and a
triploid endosperm.
Double Fertilization
24
The ____ allows the continuous upward growth of the plant.
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
25
Important anchoring and supporting the plant. It is responsible for absorbing water and minerals
from the soil. The presence of its root hairs makes this absorption efficient.
ROOT SYSTEM
26
are plants that store the product of photosynthesis in their roots.
Carrots and potatoes
27
Plant anchors the plant and supports the leaves in exposing it to sunlight to make photosynthesis possible. The
___ includes stems, branches, and leaves.
SHOOT SYSTEM
28
• Contains vascular tissues for transporting water and other substances, attaches the stem to the rest of the leaf.
PETIOLE
29
• composed of modified sclerenchyma cells.
TRACHEID AND VESSEL ELEMENTS OF XYLEM
30
Composed of elongated tube-like structures placed end-to-end. These tubes transport sugars and nutrients.
SIEVE TUBES
31
Can travel via porous cell walls but
then must enter
endodermal cells
because of the Casparian strip.
Apoplast (Through Cell Wall)
Symplast (Through
Cytoplasm)
WATER AND MINERALS
32
is a process in which the plant absorbs water through roots and releases water vapor
through the
pores in the leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
33
form an opening between the cells to facilitate the free movement of water through the vessel.
PERFORATION PLATES
34
is where the solutes cross
the interconnected cytoplasm.
INTRACELLULAR ROUTE
35
• is where the solutes move within the
extracellular spaces.
EXTRACELLULAR ROUTE
36
The movement of sucrose in phloem is called
__ where it
moves from source to sink.
TRANSLOCATION
37
• refer to the materials needed by the plants in larger amounts.
MACRONUTRIENTS
38
• refer to the materials needed by the plants in small amounts.
MICRONUTRIENTS
39
• This is needed for the synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids for the cell membrane of plant cells.
PHOSPHORUS
40
is essential for proteins and nucleic acid synthesis.
NITROGEN
41
• This is important in the regulation of stomatal opening and closing
through the potassium ion pump.
POTASSIUM
42
These elements are usually needed in the form of water and oxygen gas Water and oxygen are both necessary for photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
43
This element is needed to form carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, and other
relevant compounds.
CARBON
44
is considered as a macromolecule since it is a common component of some amino acids like cysteine and methionine.
SULFUR
45
• regulates nutrient transport and at the same time supports many
enzyme functions.
CALCIUM
46
Together with other micronutrients, ___ is essential
maintaining the plant's
for ionic balance.
MAGNESIUM
47
This element is relevant in
carbohydrate
transport in plants.
___ is also important in assisting
metabolic regulation. Plants lacking __ often experience bud dieback.
BORON
48
• This element is needed for osmosis and ionic balance in plants.
CHLORINE
49
is an important component of some enzymes. ___ deficiency can lead to browning of leaves and yellowing of the leaves.
COPPER
50
This element is needed for chlorophyll synthesis.
IRON
51
• This
element is needed for the activation of enzymes needed for chlorophyll formation.
MANGANESE
52
This element is needed for transforming nitrates into usable forms. This is needed for nitrogen fixation.
MOLYBDENUM
53
This
participates
chlorophyll formation and at the
same time, needed for the activation of many enzymes.
ZINC
54
The vascular tissues
that are
responsible for the transport of
minerals and water from roots to other parts of the plants
• It has two separate chambers:
tracheids and vessels transporting
minerals for and water.
Xylem
55
This is the primary vascular tissue needed for the transport of nutrients and food from roots to other growing parts of plants.
PHLOEM
56
• Water loss through the stem and leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
57
• Ability of the water to flow through narrow spaces in the xylem and
phloem.
• Collection of water and nutrients from the soil through the roots
COHESION
58
• play a role in plant growth, cell expansion, and inducing cell division in various plant tissues.
AUXINS
59
• play a role in cell division. They also play a role in cell differentiation, aging, and the maintenance of
meristems.
CYTOKININS
60
• also promote growth and are notable in their role in the elongation of plant stems. They are also known to stimulate flower development and leaf senescence.
GIBBERELLINS
61
• plays a role in the ripening of fruits and in the growth and aging of
plants.
This hormone is
also responsible for initiating
various responses against stress.
ETHYLENE
62
used to detect or sense the presence of red light.
PHYTOCHROMES
63
This response refers to how plants ise light to track time and trace emporal changes. Some plants sense
that the appropriate light for the
current season is present, so they will start to produce flowers.
PHOTOPERIODISM
64
• This refers to the orientation of plants as a response to light. In most cases, plants grow towards a light source.
This response may be positive or negative depending on
whether
plants orient themselves to or away from a light source.
PHOTOTROPISM
65
• __ refers to the directional response of plant parts to gravity.
GRAVITROPISM
66
growing against the direction of the pull of gravity.
Negative gravitropism
67
growing like the direction of the pull of gravity.
Positive gravitropism
68
• Directional response of plants to mechanical stimuli.
THIGMOTROPISM
69
• Response to stimulus regardless of direction
THIGMONASTY
70
Growth changes due to the constant
mechanical stimulus
THIGMOMORPHOGENESIS
71
The opening and closing of stomata depends on the increase or decrease in the water potential of the guard
cells. Thus, plants can regulate the amount of water vapor that is lost
when
the stomata of their leaves
remain open,
STOMATAL OPENING
72
Water intake by the developing seed activates gibberellin, which, in turn,
activates amylase. Consequently, the
amylase initiates the breakdown of
starch, which stimulates the ____
SEED GERMINATION
73
Induce tissue damage, serve as
signals to attract other
organisms
that can target the herbivores.
VOLATILE SUBSTANCES TO ATTRACT DETERRENTS
74
• Deactivate digestive
enzymes in herbivores and cause indigestion in their gut.
PHENOLICS
75
poisonous to many herbivores usually to vertebrate species, usually cause
stomach irritation and protein
indigestion.
TANNINS
76
Help in the release of other volatile compounds, phenols for defense, and cause various negative effects in the
herbivore's digestive system.
ETHYLENE
77
• Contain metabolites that can be toxic to herbivores; examples include the plants from the family Apocynacee (e.g., yellow bell), with a highly toxic sap.
SAP
78
• a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
METAMORPHOSIS
79
ATLAS MOTH
(ATTACUS SP.)
80
EUROPEAN STAG BEETLE
(LUCANUS CERVUS)
81
MOSQUITO
(AEDES ALBOPICTUS)
82
MONARCH BUTTERFLY
(DANAUS PLEXIPPUS)
83
• a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
METAMORPHOSIS
84
is characterized by distinct larval and pupal stages.
COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
85
is characterized by an aquatic juvenile stage
INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS (HEMIMETABOLOUS)
86
• is characterized by a terrestrial juvenile stage.
INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS (PAUROMETABOLOUS)
87
involves the splitting of the parent individual
into two approximately
equal halves.
FISSION
88
involves breaking body parts into fragments. Thereafter, each fragment will regenerate into fully functional individuals
FRAGMENTATION
89
involves an outgrowth or bud forming in the body of an adult. Eventually, it will detach to develop as a complete individual.
BUDDING
90
involves the
development of an
embryo from an unfertilized egg.
PARTHENOGENESIS
91
• Eggs are laid and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the stored yolk nutrients.
OVIPAROUS
92
Embryos are
nourished in eggs,
which remain in the parent's body until they hatch.
OVOVIVIPAROUS
93
• Embryos are nourished by the
placenta until the mother gives birt to live young.
VIVIPAROUS
94
• The gastrovascular cavity of ___ is lined with
specialized cells that use diffusion to distribute nutrients to other cells.
HYDRAS AND PLANARIANS
95
• Present in arthropods and mollusks.
OPEN
96
• Present instead of blood. heart to vessels to tissue spaces.
HEMOLYMPH
97
• such as grasshoppers have an open
circulatory system that hemolymph which is pumped by the heart into tissue spaces.
ARTHROPODS
98
• Present in earthworms, squids, &
ocropuses. Blood is present in a
___ system.
CLOSED
99
Dissolved in the blood
HEMOGLOBIN
100
• This is common in fishes. The heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle. Ventricle sends blood unde pressure to the gills
SINGLE-LOOP