is vital in understanding a wide range of genetic disorders, including developmental disabilities, congenital anomalies, cancer genetics, and genetic counseling.

is vital in understanding a wide range of genetic disorders, including developmental disabilities, congenital anomalies, cancer genetics, and genetic counseling.

application in clinical practice

studying chromosomal changes in cancer cells

determining fetal genetic health

providing guidance to families with genetic disorders.

study of heredity in general and of genes in particular

also referred to as Cell Biology

branch of science which deals with the study of how cells work, how they grow and what they are made of.

Why Cytology is differs from histology?

generally involves looking at a single cell type.

is the exam of an entire block of tissue

analyzes cell structure to diagnose disease

Cytology study?

microscopic and molecular studies of cells focus on either multi- or single-celled organisms.

is the study of chromosomal structure, location and function in cells.

They study the structure and activities of cells, with those of geneticists, who study genes

began to understand the behavior of genes at the cellular level

He explains the origin of species and how species changes over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.

Father of Genetics

an Austrian monk

through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance, 1865

he deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent

tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits which he reported in his groundbreaking 1865 paper, Experiments in Plant Hybridization.

Mendel’s Law of Heredity

The genetic experiments Mendel did with pea plants took him or how many years?

Mendel grew over ________ pea plants, keeping track of progeny number and type.

Swiss biochemist

became the first to isolate nuclein—now known as DNA

The substance, first named ______ because it seemed to come from cell nuclei, became known as nucleic acid after 1874, when Miescher separated it into protein and acid components. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

3 botanists

It was during this time that the Mendelian Principles and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance was established

English bacteriologist

conducted experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information and that such transformation is heritable.

American scientists

They published a paper demonstrating that new allelic combinations of linked genes are correlated with physically exchanged chromosome parts.

reported that the transforming substance—the genetic material of the cell—was DNA.

Austrian-born American biochemist

discovered that the components of DNA are paired in a 1:1 ratio.

the amount of adenine (A)

the amount of guanine (G)

The three-dimensional and double helical model of the DNA was proposed by

developed some of the first techniques for DNA sequencing.

is a method of DNA sequencing, based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.

invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a simple technique that allows a specific stretch of DNA to be copied billions of times in a few hours.

What is PCR?

What is HGP

The ______________, an international collaboration in which researchers aimed to sequence the genomes of a large number of people from different ethnic groups worldwide with the intent of creating a catalog of genetic variations, began. The project was completed in 2015.

Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Karl Wilhelm von nageli

It was discovered by __________ in 1956 that humans have 46 chromosomes.

Humans have ______ chromosomes

Diseases with aberrant chromosomes or chromosome number were discovered

Traditional cytogenetic methods

What is Fish?

Explain this