Small, Intense downdraft that causes powerful winds

Forms when the air near the ground cools rapidly usually at night

Sudden change in wind direction and wind speed

Cool air pulled downhill

20-100 kts

4km (5-15 mins)

It spread outward in all directions

160km/hr

Occur much longer scale than mc

Mild to Extreme

Occur vertically and horizontally

Temp of dry air parcel descend as it rises and expands in the atmosphere

Temp of saturated air parcel descend as it rises

Descend temp with an rises in altitude

Variable rate that depends on local atmospheric conditions

Air parcel cool as they rises because the pressure descend causing expansion

Temp descends is slower than for dry air

6.5C/ km

10C/km

4C to 4C /km

Used to assess atmospheric stability by comparing it with DALR and SALR

Used to understand temp changes in rising and sinking dry air parcel before condensation begins

Used to understand behavior of rising moist air parcels, esp in cloud formation and storm dev

ELR is less than SALR

SALR [ELR] DALR

ELR is greater than DALR

Southern Frame

Adriatic Waist

Antartica