The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.

The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.

The science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs -- the precursor of pharmacology

Pharmacogenetics The study of the genetic variations that cause differences in drug response among individuals or populations.

the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug

the biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions

the use of drugs to prevent and treat disease.

a scientific name that precisely describes its atomic and molecular structure.

Nonproprietary name Abbreviation of the chemical name

Brand name/ Proprietary name Selected by the drug company selling the product Protected by copyright

Family Drugs that share similar characteristics Ex: Beta-adrenergic blockers

Groups drugs by therapeutic use Ex: Antihypertensives

Where drugs come from... (3 answers)

The earliest drug concoctions from plants used everything: the leaves, roots, bulbs, stems, seeds, buds and blossoms.

the most active component in plants, react with acids to form a salt that can dissolve more readily in body fluids (Ex: Atropine, Nicotine)

also an active component in plants (Ex: Digoxin)

give products the ability to attract and hold water (Ex: Seaweed extractions)

of which the chief source is pine tree sap, commonly act as local irritants or as laxatives

thick and sometimes greasy liquids, are classified as volatile or fixed

Drugs obtain from animal sources

which are produced by living cells and act as catalysts, such as pancreatin and pepsin

which are suspensions of killed, modified, or attenuated microorganisms

Mineral Springs (3 answers)

Drugs produced in the laboratory

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions

activator has affinity to the receptor and intrinsic activity

Inhibitor has affinity only

specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role and where the drug molecule interacts

may interact directly with other drugs

Drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects

"the dose makes the poison"

Poisons of biologic origin (ie. synthesized by plants and animals, in contrast to inorganic poisons such as lead and arsenic)

The Physical Nature of Drugs (Solid)

The Physical Nature of Drugs (Liquid)

The Physical Nature of Drugs (Gaseous)

Drug Size (Smallest) MW7

Drug Size (Largest) MW 59,050

Drug Size of Most Drugs MW

Three major types of bonds

very strong and in many cases not reversible under biologic conditions

vary from relatively strong linkages between permanently charged ionic molecules to weaker hydrogen bonds and very weak induced dipole interactions such as van der Waals forces weaker than covalent bonds

usually quite weak and are probably important in the interactions of highly lipid-soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes and perhaps in the interaction of drugs with the internal walls of receptor "pockets"

dependent on the chirality (stereoisomerism) of the drug chemical structure

implies the ability to predict the appropriate molecular structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biologic receptor

IND - Investigational New Drug - must undergo extensive animal studies

The drug is tested on healthy volunteers. (What Phase of New Drug Development? )

involves trials with people who have the disease for which the drug is thought to be effective. (What Phase of New Drug Development? )

large number of patients in medical reasearch centers receive the drug. (What Phase of New Drug Development? )

provides information about infrequent or rare adverse effects - FDA will approve a new drug application if phase III studies are satisfactory (What Phase of New Drug Development? )

voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase III. (What Phase of New Drug Development? )

actions of drug on the body (what does the drug does to the body)

actions of the body on the drug (what does the body does to the drug)

the transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream.

he drug moves from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration does not involve a carrier and not saturable movement is along the concentration gradient

directly proportional to the concentrations, surface area and permeability coefficient inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane

drugs enter the cell through specialized transmembrane carrier proteins that facilitate the passage of large molecules movement is along concentration gradient does not require energy & can be saturated may be inhibited by compounds that compete for the carrier

involves specific carrier proteins that span the membrane energy-dependent & saturable movement is against the concentration gradient selective and may be competitively inhibited by other cotransported substances

used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane

engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug-filled vessicle

reverse of endocytosis

responsible for transporting various molecules, including drugs, across cell membranes "pumps" drugs out of the cells associated with multi-drug resistance

is the rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation determined by comparing plasma levels of drugs after a particular route of administration with levels achieved by IV administration

when a drug is absorbed from the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation

Two drug are bioequivalent if they show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve peak blood concentrations.

if the drugs have the same dosage form, contain the same active ingredient, and use the same route of administration

the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the instertitium (extracellular fluid) and the tissues.

Three major routes of elimination (Metabolism)

an inactive precursor chemical that is readily absorbed and distributed and then converted to the active drug by biologic processes inside the body