UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
問題一覧
1
-"Know thyself!" He instructed his disciples. For, as he clearly saw, self directed thought (autognosis) raises the problem that we must know what knowledge is and who does the knowing.
socrates
2
-For him, the human person is composed of a body and soul. The body is the material and destructible part of the human person, while the soul is the immaterial and indestructible part. For him, the soul is the self.
plato
3
-He, believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities. He suggests that anything with life has a soul. He holds that the soul is the essence of all living things.
aristotle
4
-He believed that man is bifurcate (divided into two branches) in nature, which is our physical body and the soul.
One aspect of us is imperfect and worldly while the other is capable of divinity and immortality.
at. augustine
5
-He was more concerned with understanding the thinking process we use to answer questions. He agreed with the great thinkers before him that the human ability to reason constitutes the extraordinary instrument we have to achieve truth and knowiedge. This, then, is the beginning of his quest for true knowiedge that leads to his famous first principle: Cogito, ergo sum
- "I think, therefore I am."
rene descartes
6
-He speaks of personal identity and survival of consciousness after death.
A criterion of personal identity through time is given. Such a criterion specifies, insofar as that is possible, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the survival of persons.
john locke
7
-His skeptical claim is that we have no experience of a simple, individual impression that we can call the self-where the "self" is the totality of a persons conscious life. He writes, "For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe anything but the perception". Even though my perceptions are fleeting and I am a bundle of different perceptions, I nevertheless have some idea of personal identity, and that must be accounted for.
david hume
8
-Inner sense is, according to him, the means by which we are aware of alterations in our own state. Hence all moods, feelings, and sensations, including such basic alterations as pleasure and pain, are the proper subject matter of inner sense.
Ultimately, He argues that all sensations, feelings, and those representations attributable to a subject must ultimately occur in inner sense and conform to its form-time
immanuel kant
9
-According to him, these two levels of human functioning-the conscious and the unconscious- differ radically both in their content and in the rules and logic that govern them. The
unconscious contains basic instinctual drives including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled wishes and childhood fantasies; thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo. The unconscious level is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and human functioning. At this level, the most basic instinctual drives seek immediate gratification or discharge. Unheedful of the demands and restrictions of reality, the naked impulses at this level are governed solely by the "pleasure principle."
sigmund freud
10
-He believes that the definition of the Self is all about one's perceptions of his or her experiences and how we interpret those experiences. He believes that the mind and body is intertwined or connected and that they cannot be separated from one another.
He dismisses the Cartesian Dualism and says that the living body, our thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one.
maurice merleau ponty
11
-It is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. The theory centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than separately within each individual.
social constructionism
12
- This theory describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them.
Using social interaction as a type of
"mirror," people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.
According to Self, Symbols, & Society, Cooley's theory is notable because it suggests that self concept is built not in solitude, but rather within social settings. In this way, society and individuals are not separate, but rather two complementary aspects of the same phenomenon.
the looking glass self theory
13
-Your personal and social identity is never static, but this doesn't mean you are constantly revising who you are according to how you feel. Just because you adopt a new fashion style or a 'cooler way of talking doesn't mean that your personal and social identity has substantially changed. These are purely cosmetic or outer changes and more likely reflect other aspects of yourself (your sub-personae), than to truly indicate a change in core self identity.
The Self as a Product of Modern Society
the self as a product of modern society
14
-Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen voluntary or as duty-based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships.
relationships
15
-Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
Personality traits
personality traits
16
-Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group.
achievement
17
-Culture influences how and whether you consider feelings public or private.
expressing emotions
18
-No one can stand apart from the sốc world. Everyone is influenced by society and it makes its indelible mark on us.
It's a great error to think that there is no such thing as society or that we are separate, self-sufficient individuals.
Everyone is influenced by family, friends, education, ethnicity, work, class, gender, politics and history. At every point in our lives we both rely on, and contribute to our social environment.
self in society and aociety in self
19
-With this and motivations to which they give rise have frequently been denied any important role in our day to day conduct by even the most sophisticated of aocial theorists. Anthony Giddens, for example, is of the view that emotions and motives are not directly involved in everyday human behavior. Instead, what he calls
'reflexive monitoring' and rationalization (reason giving and rational understanding) play the major roles. Motives only play a part in relatively unusual circumstances, situations which in some way break the routine'
the emotional self
20
-It is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, and societies, in both the present and past, including past human species.
anthropology
21
-It is composed of personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one is.
identity
22
-During this period, the point of interests is suppressed. The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests. The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.
latency Stage
23
-The concept of self, according to Him, is related to the social aspect of human existence. The self is conceived as a
"relational self - "one which is intensely aware of the social presence of other human beings"
confucianism
24
-This accentuates the falsehood of language, way before the philosophy of linguistic analysis and the deconstruction of Jacques Derrida. The so-called "Tao", the essence of life and the universe, or the Way, cannot be described by human language.
taosim
25
-He advised that one should
from dealing with metaphysics, because this activity is futile.
Nonetheless, Buddhism argues that the self as such does not exist, that it is an illusion - "The self does not exist apart from the states of consciousness [.] [it] represents incessant series of transient psychological states - this is everything, which we subsume under the term
'self" (Radhakrishnan, 1996: 219-220; accent in the original; cf. Hume,
1738/2003: 179-188; see Giles, 1993); there is no god, nor matter, neither is there a phenomenal world.
buddhism
26
-It explains the self through a monistic philosophy (metaphysics). Like Buddhism, It views the essence of human life as consisting in suffering and asserts that this is caused by having a fallacious conception of the self: "The true self is permanent and unchanging, the non-true self is impermanent and changes continually"
hinduism
27
-When you know yourself, you are able to make better choices about everything, from small decisions like which sweater you'll buy to big decisions like which partner you'll spend your life with. You'll have guidelines you can apply to solve life's varied problems.
better decision making
28
-When you know yourself, you understand what motivates you to resist bad habits and develop good ones. You'll have the insight to know which values and goals activate your willpower.
self control
29
-Our awareness of your foibles and struggles can help you empathize with others.
tolerance and understanding of others
30
-You will feel this when you can express who you are. Expressing your desires, moreover, will make it more likely that you get what you want.
happiness
31
-It is defined as the manner in which characteristics and traits are passed on from parents to their offsprings. These traits may include hair color, eye color, height, facial structure and others.
HEREDITY
heredity
32
-It is the set of genes that an offspring inherits from both parents, a combination of the genetic material of each. The genotype is contrasted to the phenotype, which is the organism's outward appearance and the developmental outcome of its genes.
genotype
33
-It is the physical expression of a particular trait. It can be directly observed including an organism's bodily structures, physiological processes, and behaviors.
phenotype
34
-It is known as the completion of growth of a genetic character within an organism. It enables man to walk, run and talk which are evident in the adolescent stage.
maturation
35
-Family, being your first social group, forms a crucial foundation of your development, including that of your physical self.
environmental conditioning
36
-Embracing a healthy lifestyle. Physical activities such as walking, running, going to the gym, and engaging in sports also contribute to a healthier body.
achieving physical wellbeing
37
-As you grow up, you are exposed to environmental influences that shape your physical self, including those from your social networks, societal expectations, and cultural practices.
environmental conditioning
38
-Being confident. Be secure in yourself, embrace a positive outlook toward various situations and problems, and love and accept who you are.
achieving physical wellbeing
39
-Individuals having accessory reproductive structures that "DO NOT MATCH" their gonads.
Pseudo hermaphrodites
pseudo hermaphrodites
40
-Rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues. It is also referred to as intersex, is a condition in which there is a discrepancy between the external and internal sexual and genital organs.
Hermaphrodites
hermaphrodites
41
-"Hidden Testes" where the male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same location as the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum about 1 month before birth. It is a failure of the testes to make their normal descent.
cryptochidism
42
-This which essentially is a narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive organ and misplaced urethral openings.
phimosis
43
-Self gratification does provide pleasure and relief from the tension of sexual excitement, it does not have the same psychological gratification that interaction with another person provides.
solitary behavior
44
-With adolescence, sex play is superseded by dating, which is socially encouraged, and dating almost inevitably involves some physical contact resulting in sexual arousal. This contact is labelled necking or petting, is a part of the learning process and ultimately of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner.
sociosexual behavior
45
-Increase in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male reproductive organ and female breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, expansion of the female reproductive organ and a general increase in muscle tension.
excitement phase
46
-The inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin.
ejaculitary impotence
47
-Caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria. It tends to infect warm, moist areas of the body including the urethra, eyes, throat, vagina, anus, female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus).
gonorrhea
48
-Males and females are the same in their response sequence. However, whereas males return to normal even if stimulation continues, continued stimulation can produce additional sexual climax in females.
resolution phase
49
-As you grow older, you get exposed to a larger social group with new practices and standards. As a result, you may begin engaging in acts that would make you attractive and acceptable to others.
emotional conditioning
50
-Maintaining proper hygiene. Taking care of your body by consistently following a hygiene regimen can also help you feel good about yourself.
achieving physical wellbeing
問題一覧
1
-"Know thyself!" He instructed his disciples. For, as he clearly saw, self directed thought (autognosis) raises the problem that we must know what knowledge is and who does the knowing.
socrates
2
-For him, the human person is composed of a body and soul. The body is the material and destructible part of the human person, while the soul is the immaterial and indestructible part. For him, the soul is the self.
plato
3
-He, believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities. He suggests that anything with life has a soul. He holds that the soul is the essence of all living things.
aristotle
4
-He believed that man is bifurcate (divided into two branches) in nature, which is our physical body and the soul.
One aspect of us is imperfect and worldly while the other is capable of divinity and immortality.
at. augustine
5
-He was more concerned with understanding the thinking process we use to answer questions. He agreed with the great thinkers before him that the human ability to reason constitutes the extraordinary instrument we have to achieve truth and knowiedge. This, then, is the beginning of his quest for true knowiedge that leads to his famous first principle: Cogito, ergo sum
- "I think, therefore I am."
rene descartes
6
-He speaks of personal identity and survival of consciousness after death.
A criterion of personal identity through time is given. Such a criterion specifies, insofar as that is possible, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the survival of persons.
john locke
7
-His skeptical claim is that we have no experience of a simple, individual impression that we can call the self-where the "self" is the totality of a persons conscious life. He writes, "For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe anything but the perception". Even though my perceptions are fleeting and I am a bundle of different perceptions, I nevertheless have some idea of personal identity, and that must be accounted for.
david hume
8
-Inner sense is, according to him, the means by which we are aware of alterations in our own state. Hence all moods, feelings, and sensations, including such basic alterations as pleasure and pain, are the proper subject matter of inner sense.
Ultimately, He argues that all sensations, feelings, and those representations attributable to a subject must ultimately occur in inner sense and conform to its form-time
immanuel kant
9
-According to him, these two levels of human functioning-the conscious and the unconscious- differ radically both in their content and in the rules and logic that govern them. The
unconscious contains basic instinctual drives including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled wishes and childhood fantasies; thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo. The unconscious level is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and human functioning. At this level, the most basic instinctual drives seek immediate gratification or discharge. Unheedful of the demands and restrictions of reality, the naked impulses at this level are governed solely by the "pleasure principle."
sigmund freud
10
-He believes that the definition of the Self is all about one's perceptions of his or her experiences and how we interpret those experiences. He believes that the mind and body is intertwined or connected and that they cannot be separated from one another.
He dismisses the Cartesian Dualism and says that the living body, our thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one.
maurice merleau ponty
11
-It is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. The theory centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than separately within each individual.
social constructionism
12
- This theory describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them.
Using social interaction as a type of
"mirror," people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.
According to Self, Symbols, & Society, Cooley's theory is notable because it suggests that self concept is built not in solitude, but rather within social settings. In this way, society and individuals are not separate, but rather two complementary aspects of the same phenomenon.
the looking glass self theory
13
-Your personal and social identity is never static, but this doesn't mean you are constantly revising who you are according to how you feel. Just because you adopt a new fashion style or a 'cooler way of talking doesn't mean that your personal and social identity has substantially changed. These are purely cosmetic or outer changes and more likely reflect other aspects of yourself (your sub-personae), than to truly indicate a change in core self identity.
The Self as a Product of Modern Society
the self as a product of modern society
14
-Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen voluntary or as duty-based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships.
relationships
15
-Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
Personality traits
personality traits
16
-Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group.
achievement
17
-Culture influences how and whether you consider feelings public or private.
expressing emotions
18
-No one can stand apart from the sốc world. Everyone is influenced by society and it makes its indelible mark on us.
It's a great error to think that there is no such thing as society or that we are separate, self-sufficient individuals.
Everyone is influenced by family, friends, education, ethnicity, work, class, gender, politics and history. At every point in our lives we both rely on, and contribute to our social environment.
self in society and aociety in self
19
-With this and motivations to which they give rise have frequently been denied any important role in our day to day conduct by even the most sophisticated of aocial theorists. Anthony Giddens, for example, is of the view that emotions and motives are not directly involved in everyday human behavior. Instead, what he calls
'reflexive monitoring' and rationalization (reason giving and rational understanding) play the major roles. Motives only play a part in relatively unusual circumstances, situations which in some way break the routine'
the emotional self
20
-It is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, and societies, in both the present and past, including past human species.
anthropology
21
-It is composed of personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one is.
identity
22
-During this period, the point of interests is suppressed. The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests. The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.
latency Stage
23
-The concept of self, according to Him, is related to the social aspect of human existence. The self is conceived as a
"relational self - "one which is intensely aware of the social presence of other human beings"
confucianism
24
-This accentuates the falsehood of language, way before the philosophy of linguistic analysis and the deconstruction of Jacques Derrida. The so-called "Tao", the essence of life and the universe, or the Way, cannot be described by human language.
taosim
25
-He advised that one should
from dealing with metaphysics, because this activity is futile.
Nonetheless, Buddhism argues that the self as such does not exist, that it is an illusion - "The self does not exist apart from the states of consciousness [.] [it] represents incessant series of transient psychological states - this is everything, which we subsume under the term
'self" (Radhakrishnan, 1996: 219-220; accent in the original; cf. Hume,
1738/2003: 179-188; see Giles, 1993); there is no god, nor matter, neither is there a phenomenal world.
buddhism
26
-It explains the self through a monistic philosophy (metaphysics). Like Buddhism, It views the essence of human life as consisting in suffering and asserts that this is caused by having a fallacious conception of the self: "The true self is permanent and unchanging, the non-true self is impermanent and changes continually"
hinduism
27
-When you know yourself, you are able to make better choices about everything, from small decisions like which sweater you'll buy to big decisions like which partner you'll spend your life with. You'll have guidelines you can apply to solve life's varied problems.
better decision making
28
-When you know yourself, you understand what motivates you to resist bad habits and develop good ones. You'll have the insight to know which values and goals activate your willpower.
self control
29
-Our awareness of your foibles and struggles can help you empathize with others.
tolerance and understanding of others
30
-You will feel this when you can express who you are. Expressing your desires, moreover, will make it more likely that you get what you want.
happiness
31
-It is defined as the manner in which characteristics and traits are passed on from parents to their offsprings. These traits may include hair color, eye color, height, facial structure and others.
HEREDITY
heredity
32
-It is the set of genes that an offspring inherits from both parents, a combination of the genetic material of each. The genotype is contrasted to the phenotype, which is the organism's outward appearance and the developmental outcome of its genes.
genotype
33
-It is the physical expression of a particular trait. It can be directly observed including an organism's bodily structures, physiological processes, and behaviors.
phenotype
34
-It is known as the completion of growth of a genetic character within an organism. It enables man to walk, run and talk which are evident in the adolescent stage.
maturation
35
-Family, being your first social group, forms a crucial foundation of your development, including that of your physical self.
environmental conditioning
36
-Embracing a healthy lifestyle. Physical activities such as walking, running, going to the gym, and engaging in sports also contribute to a healthier body.
achieving physical wellbeing
37
-As you grow up, you are exposed to environmental influences that shape your physical self, including those from your social networks, societal expectations, and cultural practices.
environmental conditioning
38
-Being confident. Be secure in yourself, embrace a positive outlook toward various situations and problems, and love and accept who you are.
achieving physical wellbeing
39
-Individuals having accessory reproductive structures that "DO NOT MATCH" their gonads.
Pseudo hermaphrodites
pseudo hermaphrodites
40
-Rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues. It is also referred to as intersex, is a condition in which there is a discrepancy between the external and internal sexual and genital organs.
Hermaphrodites
hermaphrodites
41
-"Hidden Testes" where the male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same location as the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum about 1 month before birth. It is a failure of the testes to make their normal descent.
cryptochidism
42
-This which essentially is a narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive organ and misplaced urethral openings.
phimosis
43
-Self gratification does provide pleasure and relief from the tension of sexual excitement, it does not have the same psychological gratification that interaction with another person provides.
solitary behavior
44
-With adolescence, sex play is superseded by dating, which is socially encouraged, and dating almost inevitably involves some physical contact resulting in sexual arousal. This contact is labelled necking or petting, is a part of the learning process and ultimately of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner.
sociosexual behavior
45
-Increase in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male reproductive organ and female breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, expansion of the female reproductive organ and a general increase in muscle tension.
excitement phase
46
-The inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin.
ejaculitary impotence
47
-Caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria. It tends to infect warm, moist areas of the body including the urethra, eyes, throat, vagina, anus, female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus).
gonorrhea
48
-Males and females are the same in their response sequence. However, whereas males return to normal even if stimulation continues, continued stimulation can produce additional sexual climax in females.
resolution phase
49
-As you grow older, you get exposed to a larger social group with new practices and standards. As a result, you may begin engaging in acts that would make you attractive and acceptable to others.
emotional conditioning
50
-Maintaining proper hygiene. Taking care of your body by consistently following a hygiene regimen can also help you feel good about yourself.
achieving physical wellbeing