• establishes height of the footing trenches and foundations • establishes height of finish floor levels (eveready)

• done with a line level or carpenter’s level, or with a transit • height of the batter boards may be level with or a little higher that the top of the finished foundation. atyu ne oh

wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are establishe (board) ne nga oh

an instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check.

a weight attached to a string, used for vertical line check.

a method of leveling horizontally batter boards without transit. car wash

a manual method of squaring the corners of building lines in staking. bakal metrus

used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself. magobra

temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs.

FORMS FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. Materials used for form construction are:

have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping off the forms (louden)

consist of waler rods that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod. After stripping, the waler rods are removed for reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete (BABAE)

are the tools that use power delivered by man only. gamat tau

are those that employ power supplied by forces other than that coming from humans. adik

is a term that refers to large, complex tools and machines that is designed to do a particular job.

is equipment which is very large and very powerful.

is used to force open boards used in forming concrete.

and tape measure are the most common tools for measuring boards, pipe, wire, etc. (tuklip)

is used to measure relatively long distances such as those in highway construction.

is a layout tool that is used to measure 90- degree angles at the corners of framework and joints. They can also be employed to determine cutting angles on dimension lumber. portait ng karla

is a long, straight tool that contains one or more vials of liquid and used to determine if the horizontal or vertical is exact.

or chalk box is used for marking lines.

is an ordinary hammer used to drive or remove nails.

is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the ground and to break up concrete and stone.

is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the ground and to break up concrete and stone.

is used to cut across the grain of wood. atyu ne din oh

a special type of handsaw that has a very thin blade and makes very straight cuts such as those on trims and mouldings. (wed gym)

used to cut metals.

used to drill holes in wood, metal and concrete.

or screwgun is used to install and remove screws. ( malakas panurut mag magmanehu)

is used for crosscutting wood and consists of a motor-driven saw blade that is hung on an arm over a table. gamat R

is used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites and consists of a blade mounted on an electric motor beneath a table-like surface.

is used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut with stationary tools. stationary- portable ya ita

is a circular saw mounted over a small table used to cut various angles in wood. malakas a saw

is an equipment which moves materials other than fluids. Cong tv

is an equipment used by surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land elevation. (BATAAN)

is that which is used to determine an unidentified elevation from a known one. mag lawe gabun

flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a baseline for additional measurements and is used as a level or as an alignment tool

flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a baseline for additional measurements and is used as a level or as an alignment tool

is used to move concrete from the concrete mixer to the concrete form. bomba simentu

A machine that mixes concrete ingredients by means of a rotating drum. Raw materials are introduced into the mixing drum through its open end and discharged by tilting the mixing drum to allow the concrete to pour out.

is used to weld materials by melting portions of the metal. ARKU yapin na ita

used to weld material by employing a laser to heat the metal. Weld made by a laser- powered welder. (atyu ne oh)

is a tractor with a pushing blade which moves earth and clears land of bushes and trees.

is a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can move over rough terrain.

are machines that lift large and heavy materials. The types of cranes are:

is mounted on a truck frame so that it can be driven in the site.

or climbing crane is used in the construction of tall building because it has a built-in jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the building is constructed.

– the portion of the building above the ground.

the habitable portion of the building found below the ground. (habitable) bobo

the structural portion of the building that transfer the buildings load into the soil.

3 types of sub structure

slab which rests on ground and not suspended.

in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height.

the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely (below grade. ) pinaka lalam ya america

Detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders.

Detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded and worn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance from the ledges of which they originally formed a part.

For shallow work, an open pit is the most suitable method since it calls for an actual inspection of the undisturbed material over a considerable area. midterm) harry

For excavations that are carried no deeper than the proposed level, the underlying material may be investigated by test boring.

consist of relatively large particles, visible to the naked eyes.

consist of much smaller particles, such as silt and clay.

the critical factor determining the bearing capacity of granular soils.

is the process of digging the earth to provide a place for the foundation of the building.

refers to the heavy timber planks joined together side by side to retain the face of an excavation (ML)

receptacles for the runoff of surface water. They have a basin or sump that retains heavy sediment before it can pass into an underground drainpipe.

are drains or channels passing under a road or walkway.

shallow depressions formed by the intersection of two ground slopes, designed to direct or divert the runoff of surface water. Grass swales slope 1.5% to 2%; while paved swales, 4% to 6%.

is a layer of irregularly broken and random- sized stones placed on the slope of an embankment.

are galvanized or PVC coated wire baskets filled with stones and stacked to form an abutment or retaining structure.

provides a wearing surface for pedestrian or vehicular traffic in the landscape. It is a composite structure whose thickness and construction are directly related to: