Chapter 2 name

parts of chapt 2

This is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher.

how to write research design

According to ____ and _____ (____), quantitative research is used: to describe variables to examine relationships among variables to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables

Burns and Grove (2005) said that quantitative research is used:

Basic differences of qualitative and quantitative research

quantitative research designs:

______ this method describes phenomena as they exist. It describes and interprets the current status of individuals, settings, conditions, or events. (____,___)

(surveys, correlation, etc.) determine the relationships of variables (perfomance, attitude, etc.)

this method is a scientific approach to research in which the research manipulates one or more variables (independent variable), and controls and measures any change in other variables (dependent variable)

in this tyoe, the researcher establishes different treatments and then studies their effects on the participants. these are commonly used in psychology, medicine, sciences, etc.

qualitative research design:

this is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occured in the past.

collection and evaluation of data related to past events are used to describe causes, effects and trends that may explain present or future events.

data are often archival and include interviews.

original documents, relics, remains, artifacts, etc.

this design involves observing target in their natural, real-world setting. It gathers how people live; what they do; how they do things; or what they need in their everyday or professional lives. relies on observation, video diaries, photographs, contextual interview, and analysis

this method is an in-depth investigation of experiences to identify interactions and influences on psychological processes.

through interviews and observations, this method permits the collection of qualitative data. It may provide information on the unique features of particular individuals, groups or organizations.

refers to the total collection of objects, events, or individuals that have characteristics that are interest to the researchers

a small portion of a population selected for observation and analysis

it is drawn when an investigation of the entire population is difficult due to material constraints like money, time, effort, etc.

sampling techniques

probability sampling:

provides equal chances to every single element of the population to be included in the sampling

lottery or fishbowl sampling, systematic, use to table of random numbers, etc.

the population is divided into subgroups and samples are selected from each stratum

does not give all members of the population of being selected. the samples are selected on a basis of convenience, purpose, and other reasons

non-probability sampling:

selecting the respondents who best meet the purpose of the study

finding the person with the requisite characteristics until you meet the desired number

requires identification of few persons who meet the criteria. the presons will then act as informants to identify others who qualify for inclusion in the sample

done on geographical basis. also called area sampling. the population is grouped i to small unit (district, municipality, etc) the samples are selected.

are used to gather or collect data. the choice of the methods depends on upon some factors such as the nature of the problem, the population under study, the cost of the survey, thr time factor, etc.

Instruments or tools for gathering date in research are of two categories or kinds:

include almost all tools (such as microscope, camera, telescope, thermometer, ruler, and monitor) used in physical sciences

are used when the researcher studies people and gathers data on the feelings, emotions, attitudes, and judgement of the subject. some examples are filed records, case studies, questionnaires, interviews

state all the actions taken and procedures in order for you to gather the needed data

methods for gathering data

deals with editing, encoding, tabulating, and presenting data through tables, charts, etc.

statistical treatments used in the study msut be specified in this section. For manually computed statistical treatment, specify the formula used. for data computed using software, including rhe coding scheme

deceptions, observations, distress, confidentially, bps, withdrawals, researchers that went too far, background information and why experimenting on real humans is difficult

are principles and values that should be followed while conducting the study

are moral principles that guide researchers in the evaluation and reporting the feelings

are considered in the duration of the study

ethical considerations include:

participants are fully informed about the real purpose of the study

participants are free from coercion and free to withdraw their participation at any time without negatively impacting on the involvement in the future.

the prodess does not in any way harm (unintended or otherwise) the participants physically and/or accessed by anyone

any identifying information of the participants and their responses are not made available to, or accessed by anyone

product development:

development phase:

Is an objective, systematic, empirical, investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques.

It involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions can be drawn.

It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables.

focuses on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data, such as language.

it is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

it can be used to understand how individuals subjectively perceive and give meaning to their social reality.

it primary aims to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic.

it is more exploratory in nature and subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior

seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena

seek to explore phenomena

instruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions

use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, content or documentary analysis, focus groups, and participant observation

to describe variation

to predict causal relationships

to describe and explain relationships

to describe characteristics of a population

to describe individual experiences

study design is stable from beginning to end

some aspects of the study are flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions)

study design iterative, that is, data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learned