Research

73問 • 2年前

問題一覧

Chapter 2 name

materials and methods

parts of chapt 2

Research Design, Population and Sample, Research Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure, Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations, Product Development

This is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher.

research design

how to write research design

state the research design to be used. define and discuss the research design. explain why the design is appropriate to your study.

According to ____ and _____ (____), quantitative research is used: to describe variables to examine relationships among variables to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables

Burns and Grove (2005)

Burns and Grove (2005) said that quantitative research is used:

to describe variables, to examine the relationships among variables, to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables

Basic differences of qualitative and quantitative research

general framework, analytical objectives, question format, forms of data they produce, degree of flexibility

quantitative research designs:

descriptive, experimental

______ this method describes phenomena as they exist. It describes and interprets the current status of individuals, settings, conditions, or events. (____,___)

descriptive (Mertler, 2014)

(surveys, correlation, etc.) determine the relationships of variables (perfomance, attitude, etc.)

descriptive studies

this method is a scientific approach to research in which the research manipulates one or more variables (independent variable), and controls and measures any change in other variables (dependent variable)

experimental

in this tyoe, the researcher establishes different treatments and then studies their effects on the participants. these are commonly used in psychology, medicine, sciences, etc.

experimental

qualitative research design:

historical, ethnographic, case studies

this is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occured in the past.

historical

collection and evaluation of data related to past events are used to describe causes, effects and trends that may explain present or future events.

historical

data are often archival and include interviews.

historical

original documents, relics, remains, artifacts, etc.

primary sources of information

this design involves observing target in their natural, real-world setting. It gathers how people live; what they do; how they do things; or what they need in their everyday or professional lives. relies on observation, video diaries, photographs, contextual interview, and analysis

ethnographic

this method is an in-depth investigation of experiences to identify interactions and influences on psychological processes.

case studies

through interviews and observations, this method permits the collection of qualitative data. It may provide information on the unique features of particular individuals, groups or organizations.

case studies

refers to the total collection of objects, events, or individuals that have characteristics that are interest to the researchers

population

a small portion of a population selected for observation and analysis

sample

it is drawn when an investigation of the entire population is difficult due to material constraints like money, time, effort, etc.

sample

sampling techniques

probability sampling, non-probability sampling

probability sampling:

simple random sampling, stratified random sampling

provides equal chances to every single element of the population to be included in the sampling

probability sampling

lottery or fishbowl sampling, systematic, use to table of random numbers, etc.

simple random sampling

the population is divided into subgroups and samples are selected from each stratum

stratified random sampling

does not give all members of the population of being selected. the samples are selected on a basis of convenience, purpose, and other reasons

non-probability sampling

non-probability sampling:

purposive, quota sampling, snowball sampling, cluster sampling

selecting the respondents who best meet the purpose of the study

purposive

finding the person with the requisite characteristics until you meet the desired number

quota sampling

requires identification of few persons who meet the criteria. the presons will then act as informants to identify others who qualify for inclusion in the sample

snowball sampling

done on geographical basis. also called area sampling. the population is grouped i to small unit (district, municipality, etc) the samples are selected.

cluster sampling

are used to gather or collect data. the choice of the methods depends on upon some factors such as the nature of the problem, the population under study, the cost of the survey, thr time factor, etc.

instruments

Instruments or tools for gathering date in research are of two categories or kinds:

mechanical devices, clerical tools

include almost all tools (such as microscope, camera, telescope, thermometer, ruler, and monitor) used in physical sciences

mechanical devices

are used when the researcher studies people and gathers data on the feelings, emotions, attitudes, and judgement of the subject. some examples are filed records, case studies, questionnaires, interviews

clerical tools

state all the actions taken and procedures in order for you to gather the needed data

data gathering procedure

methods for gathering data

direct or interview method, indirect method or questionnaire, registration method or documentary analysis, observation

deals with editing, encoding, tabulating, and presenting data through tables, charts, etc.

data analysis

statistical treatments used in the study msut be specified in this section. For manually computed statistical treatment, specify the formula used. for data computed using software, including rhe coding scheme

data analysis

deceptions, observations, distress, confidentially, bps, withdrawals, researchers that went too far, background information and why experimenting on real humans is difficult

ethical considerations

are principles and values that should be followed while conducting the study

ethical considerations

are moral principles that guide researchers in the evaluation and reporting the feelings

research ethics

are considered in the duration of the study

ethical issues

ethical considerations include:

informed consent, voluntary participation, do no harm, confidentiality

participants are fully informed about the real purpose of the study

informed consent

participants are free from coercion and free to withdraw their participation at any time without negatively impacting on the involvement in the future.

voluntary participation

the prodess does not in any way harm (unintended or otherwise) the participants physically and/or accessed by anyone

do no harm

any identifying information of the participants and their responses are not made available to, or accessed by anyone

confidentiality

product development:

1. planning phase 2. designing phase 3. development phase

development phase:

materials/ingredients, tools/equipment, procedures

Is an objective, systematic, empirical, investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques.

quantitative research

It involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions can be drawn.

quantitative research

It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables.

quantitative research

focuses on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data, such as language.

qualitative research

it is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

qualitative research

it can be used to understand how individuals subjectively perceive and give meaning to their social reality.

qualitative research

it primary aims to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic.

qualitative research

it is more exploratory in nature and subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior

qualitative research

seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena

quantitative

seek to explore phenomena

qualitative

instruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions

quantitative

use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, content or documentary analysis, focus groups, and participant observation

qualitative

to describe variation

qualitative

to predict causal relationships

quantitative

to describe and explain relationships

qualitative

to describe characteristics of a population

quantitative

to describe individual experiences

qualitative

study design is stable from beginning to end

quantitative

some aspects of the study are flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions)

qualitative

study design iterative, that is, data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learned

qualitative

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問題一覧

Chapter 2 name

materials and methods

parts of chapt 2

Research Design, Population and Sample, Research Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure, Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations, Product Development

This is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher.

research design

how to write research design

state the research design to be used. define and discuss the research design. explain why the design is appropriate to your study.

According to ____ and _____ (____), quantitative research is used: to describe variables to examine relationships among variables to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables

Burns and Grove (2005)

Burns and Grove (2005) said that quantitative research is used:

to describe variables, to examine the relationships among variables, to determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables

Basic differences of qualitative and quantitative research

general framework, analytical objectives, question format, forms of data they produce, degree of flexibility

quantitative research designs:

descriptive, experimental

______ this method describes phenomena as they exist. It describes and interprets the current status of individuals, settings, conditions, or events. (____,___)

descriptive (Mertler, 2014)

(surveys, correlation, etc.) determine the relationships of variables (perfomance, attitude, etc.)

descriptive studies

experimental

in this tyoe, the researcher establishes different treatments and then studies their effects on the participants. these are commonly used in psychology, medicine, sciences, etc.

experimental

qualitative research design:

historical, ethnographic, case studies

this is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occured in the past.

historical

collection and evaluation of data related to past events are used to describe causes, effects and trends that may explain present or future events.

historical

data are often archival and include interviews.

historical

original documents, relics, remains, artifacts, etc.

primary sources of information

ethnographic

this method is an in-depth investigation of experiences to identify interactions and influences on psychological processes.

case studies

through interviews and observations, this method permits the collection of qualitative data. It may provide information on the unique features of particular individuals, groups or organizations.

case studies

refers to the total collection of objects, events, or individuals that have characteristics that are interest to the researchers

population

a small portion of a population selected for observation and analysis

sample

it is drawn when an investigation of the entire population is difficult due to material constraints like money, time, effort, etc.

sample

sampling techniques

probability sampling, non-probability sampling

probability sampling:

simple random sampling, stratified random sampling

provides equal chances to every single element of the population to be included in the sampling

probability sampling

lottery or fishbowl sampling, systematic, use to table of random numbers, etc.

simple random sampling

the population is divided into subgroups and samples are selected from each stratum

stratified random sampling

does not give all members of the population of being selected. the samples are selected on a basis of convenience, purpose, and other reasons

non-probability sampling

non-probability sampling:

purposive, quota sampling, snowball sampling, cluster sampling

selecting the respondents who best meet the purpose of the study

purposive

finding the person with the requisite characteristics until you meet the desired number

quota sampling

requires identification of few persons who meet the criteria. the presons will then act as informants to identify others who qualify for inclusion in the sample

snowball sampling

done on geographical basis. also called area sampling. the population is grouped i to small unit (district, municipality, etc) the samples are selected.

cluster sampling

are used to gather or collect data. the choice of the methods depends on upon some factors such as the nature of the problem, the population under study, the cost of the survey, thr time factor, etc.

instruments

Instruments or tools for gathering date in research are of two categories or kinds:

mechanical devices, clerical tools

include almost all tools (such as microscope, camera, telescope, thermometer, ruler, and monitor) used in physical sciences

mechanical devices

clerical tools

state all the actions taken and procedures in order for you to gather the needed data

data gathering procedure

methods for gathering data

direct or interview method, indirect method or questionnaire, registration method or documentary analysis, observation

deals with editing, encoding, tabulating, and presenting data through tables, charts, etc.

data analysis

deceptions, observations, distress, confidentially, bps, withdrawals, researchers that went too far, background information and why experimenting on real humans is difficult

ethical considerations

are principles and values that should be followed while conducting the study

ethical considerations

are moral principles that guide researchers in the evaluation and reporting the feelings

research ethics

are considered in the duration of the study

ethical issues

ethical considerations include:

informed consent, voluntary participation, do no harm, confidentiality

participants are fully informed about the real purpose of the study

informed consent

participants are free from coercion and free to withdraw their participation at any time without negatively impacting on the involvement in the future.

voluntary participation

the prodess does not in any way harm (unintended or otherwise) the participants physically and/or accessed by anyone

do no harm

any identifying information of the participants and their responses are not made available to, or accessed by anyone

confidentiality

product development:

1. planning phase 2. designing phase 3. development phase

development phase:

materials/ingredients, tools/equipment, procedures

Is an objective, systematic, empirical, investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques.

quantitative research

It involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions can be drawn.

quantitative research

It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables.

quantitative research

focuses on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data, such as language.

qualitative research

it is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.

qualitative research

it can be used to understand how individuals subjectively perceive and give meaning to their social reality.

qualitative research

it primary aims to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic.

qualitative research

it is more exploratory in nature and subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior

qualitative research

seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena

quantitative

seek to explore phenomena

qualitative

instruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions

quantitative

use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, content or documentary analysis, focus groups, and participant observation

qualitative

to describe variation

qualitative

to predict causal relationships

quantitative

to describe and explain relationships

qualitative

to describe characteristics of a population

quantitative

to describe individual experiences

qualitative

study design is stable from beginning to end

quantitative

some aspects of the study are flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions)

qualitative

study design iterative, that is, data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learned

qualitative