Which one of the following statements about creatinine is not true?

Which one of the following terms most accurately describes a clinical sign of feline urologic syndrome (FUS)?

Sacral center reflex emptying of the urinary bladder (without brainstem and cerebral cortex control):

Hemoglobin that arises from intravascular lysis of erythrocytes:

Movement of solute and water between the vasa recta and the ISF occurs by:

Volume receptors in the left atrium are stretched during hypervolemia that results from increased Na+ intake. Which one of the following is influential in the return to normal?

Detection of increased osmoconcentration of the ECF by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus would by followed by:

A plasma glucose concentration of 300mg/dL and a urinalysis that is positive for glucose has been found in a dog. Which one of the following would be a likely clinical sign?

The most probable reason for the abundant secretion of mucus in the kidney pelvis and upper part of the ureter in the horse is that it:

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is effective in the adjustments needed for the correction of:

The salt glands (nasal glands):

Extracellular fluid Na+ concentration is regulated by:

Renal portal system blood is:

Which one of the following nephron parts is associated with the establishment of a high salt concentration in the medulla of the kidney?

A renal clearance for urea of 50mL/min means that:

Loss of solute (Na+, Cl–) and retention of water that occurs inthe ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the tubular fluid to be _________ as compared with plasma.

Uric acid precipitates in the renal tubules in order to:

The principal nitrogenous constituent of mammalian urine is:

Which one of the following would have the highest values for hematocrit and plasma protein concentration in what arteriole

Which one of the following hormones promotes the tubular reabsorption of Na+ and the tubular secretion of K+?

Which one of the following is not associated with diabetes mellitus?

A diuretic that interferes with the cotransport of NaCl in the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle would:

Where in the loop of Henle does urea permeability begin and end?

The following values were obtained in a renal physiology laboratory where RBF, RPF, GFR, and FF were being measured but their identity has been lost: 16mL/min per kg; 3.36mL/min per kg; 8.64mL/min per kg; 0.35. Their reassigned identity should be:

The thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

The principal nitrogenous component of avian urine is:

Creatinine clearance evaluations provide an estimate of:

The usual yellow color of urine is derived from:

Which one of the following nephron components is lacking in reptilian nephrons?

Ammonia is converted to uric acid in birds in what organ

Renal portal blood enters the vascular supply perfusing the renal tubules at the level of the

Reptilian nephron tubular fluid bypasses the medullary cones where it could otherwise become concentrated.

As it affects urine concentration, the outcome is influenced by:

Detection of increased osmoconcentration of the ECF by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus would result in what type of urine

Because of a decrease in GFR, the tubular fluid in the loop of Henle has been slowed allowing greater reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending loop of Henle. The macula densa senses the decrease in sodium concentration. Which one of the following responses occurs?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with micturition?

The location for the greatest post‐renal modification of ureteral urine is the:

Which part of the loop of Henle has the lowest osmolality (greatest dilution)?

Tubular fluid is transported from Bowman’s capsule to the renal pelvis by:

Generally speaking, protein molecules are normally restricted from filtration through the glomerular membrane because of:

With regard to the tubular transport of urea:

Innervation to the kidney is provided by:

The avian nephron associated with the countercurrent mechanism is the:

When antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary is released in greater amounts, what will happen to the fluid in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

What would be the response of a renorenal reflex following a left ureteral obstruction?