They allow person to become oriented to and explore the critical visual aspects of the environment

Form in which feedback is delivered

Explain the relationship bet functioning and the behavior of children with sensorimotor or learning prob

Eye movements, which are controlled by the ________ muscles are used to detect, identify, and derive meaning from objects and environment

Deprived of oxygen

Confrontation method

Double vision often present following brain damage

Appreciation of stimuli through organs of special sense, peripheral cutaneous, sensory system, or internal receptors

Functional or top down in focus

Holistic or humanistic and provides guidelines for the management of functional performance and real life occupations

Testing procedures of hemianopsia

Loss of outer half of visual field from one eye and inner half of visual field of the other eye

Learning can be conceptualized as a dynamic interplay between:

Functional approach: to compensate for the disability, the patient first has to be made aware of deficiencies and must then be taught how to circumvent them using intact sensations and perceptual skills

General suggestions when teaching compensatory techniques:

Making sensible conclusions

Alterations that need to be made in the human or social and physical environment in order to facilitate relearning of skills

Cognitive rehab addresses memory, high language disorders and perceptual dysfunction under one umbrella:

Adults with brain injury have difficulty generalizing learning

The term perception and sensation are often confused with each other

Cognitive rehab proposes a number of strategies relevant to PT practice

Focus on patient’s deficits and attempt to improve functional ability by retraining specific perceptual components of behavior

Based on the assumption that a disruption in one brain region can have a negative impact on brain functioning as a whole

Bottom up approach

Pressure to discharge patients quickly, possibly before the full extent of cognitive and perceptual deficits has been revealed, means that the patients may be discharged to potentially hazardous situations at home

Treatment for diplopia

Changing the environment or strategy for task completion so that the patient can be safe and independent as quickly as possible

Pencil topper in visual scanning test

Remedial approach

Some of the treatment modalities employed include rubbing or icing to provide sensory input, resistance and weight bearing to impart proprioceptive input, and the yse of spinning or rocking to provide vestibular input

Describes normal sensory intergrative development and functioning, defines patterns of sensory intergrative dysfunction, and suggests treatment techniques

Assumed that the production of an adaptive response facilitates sensory integration, which in turn enhances the ability to produce higher level adaptive behaviors

Work from bottom, which is the recovery of underlying skills and assume that the patient will be able to generalize skills to occupational performance, which is at higher level

The patient’s own feedback is always accurate because they owe the perceptual and cognitive dysfunctions

Cognitive deficits do not lie in the sensory ability itself but rather with the individual’s ability to interpret sensation accurately and therefore respond appropriately

Five approaches of therapy

Information regarding whether or not the patient attained the correct outcome

Enable the eyes to follow a moving object and visuallt scan the environment

Micro perspective evaluation and treatment is based in these theories:

Based on the idea that therapist can apply both micro and macro perspectives for evaluation and treatment, which is an assumption shared by many OT who work in this field

Premise that practice in one task with particular cognitive or perceptual requirements will enhance performance in other tasks with similar particular demands

Top down approach, therapist works with the patient on specific tasks that are required or those that the patient wants to achieve

Different types of sensory stimuli which can facilitate or inhibit an action

More remedial in focus and provides guidelines for the management of performance components or subskills

Ability to select those stimuli that require attention and action, to integrate thos stimuli with each other and with prior info, and finally to interpet them

Can be used to facilitate the carryover of skills learned in therapy to functional activities

Physical therapists must be regarded as the principal participants in the rehab process

Therapy is viewed as learning that takes into consideration the unique strengths and limitations of the individual patient

Common in patients who have had a stroke

Lesion interrupts inflow to the optic pathways on one side of the brain

take note

Ability to understand something immediately

Therapists need to do an initial screening of all patients with brain damage to determine potential problems as early as possible and ensure that patients are diacharged to a safe environment

Two types of eye movements are important to examine

Read standardized tests page 35-37 on ppt

Loss of peripheral vision

Results can be communicated to other therapists who will share an understanding of patient’s capacities or abilities

Focuses on retraining real world skills rather than on retraining specific cognitive and perceptual processes

Vertical

Rehabilitative or compensatory

Characteristics of client in macro perspective

One that has a uniform procedure to administer and score, provides operational definition for all germs, is norm-referenced, and has information available concerning its reliability and validity

take note

In situation in which the perceptual deficit does not interfere with assimilation of info, patients should have the minor role in decision making process regarding the goals of therapy

Visual scanning test

Transfer of training approach

Can be administered at both admission and discharge to provide therapist with reliable and valid measure of the outcome of therapy

Mandates direct training in the functional skills that are deficient

Interactive rehab that provides a holistic perspective for the management of stroke, TBI, brain tumors, cerebral palsy and other neurological conditions

Commonly encountered visual impairment by pt with hemiplegia

Therapist starts at the top, which is the desired functional outcome, rather than working with the patient on the underlying performance components

Horizontal

Micro persopective: Changes in clients are further influenced by these factors

Favor addressing the functional problem over and above the treatment of its underlying cause when working with an adult posttroke population

Changes that need to be made in the patient’s approach to tasks

Act or process of knowing

Rood’s sensorimotor technique is used

Three point approach

Most widely used approach in treating perceptual deficits which offers a great deal of practical support for the physical therapist

Loss of incoming info from half of visual environment contralateral to the side of lesion

Strong in remembering information

Cognitive functions

Does not assume automatic carryover from tasks that are not obviously similar to the functional task to be learned and thus minimizes the need for generalization

Assumes that patient with acquired brain injury must practice every activity in its true context in order to recover function

Addresses memory, high language disorders and perceptual dysfunction under one umbrella

Allows patient to maintain focus on an object as it is brought nearer or farther away

Complementary components of functional approach

Inflammation of brain

Among the chief causes of poor rehabilitation progress for pts who havr sustained brain damage, even among those whose motor skills have returned

Focuses on training individuals with brain injury to structure and organize information

The resulting awareness of objects and experiences within the environment enables the individual to make sense out of a complex and constantly changing internal and external sensory environment

Most common visual deficit affecting patients with hemiplegia

take note

Integration of sensory impressions into formation that is psychologically meaningful

Knowledge of situation and facts

Patient sees two of the entire environment

Information regarding the manner in which the task was accomplished

Research has demonstrated that even in a non brain injured population, skills learned in one task do not automatically transfer to other tasks

Often the eyes will follow a moving object visually, although the patient seems aware of the presence of that object and can locate it if asked

Adaptive approach