the digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the

all of the following are components of the digest system except

most of the digestive tract is lined by

there are three pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following except

chewing breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the

salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes ? secretion of saliva

swallowing is initiated by voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the

a travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propel food along the digestive tract is called

the entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ?, which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents

which of the following is not a region of the stomach

mucus is secreted by goblet cells, hydrochloride acid is secreted by parietal cells, while pepsin is secreted from the ? of the stomach

a major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of

all of the following are phases of the gastric secretion except

the pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme into the

the small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients while the large intestine

in healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into

the large intestine consists of all of the following except

exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar cell and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into

which of the following is not a specified pancreatic exocrine enzyme

the liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic function and secretes a fluid called

bile salts are involved with ?, which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interaction between the lipids and lipid digesting enzymes

the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone

duodenal enteroendocrine cells help coordinate and regulate digestive functions by production of hominem including which of the following

secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers by the

cholecystokinin accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretion and bile into the

gastric inhibitory polypeptide inhibits activity and mainly stimulates

vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the

gastric promotes increased ? motility

carbohydrate digesting starts in the mouth abs continues to digest food in the stomach for about ?

disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before

which of the following is not a disaccharide

absorption of monosaccharides is by

lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and

the fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid bile salt complexes called

lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ?, which are secreted into the intestitual fluid

protein digestion is complex and time consuming, where stomach acid, pepsin, trypsin and other enzymes break bonds in the protein to degrade it into constituents

amino acids are absorbed by each of the following except

of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestines, ? are reabsorbed and the remainder is excrete in stool

most water soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of ? into the digestive epithelium

up to 80% of investors calcium is absorbed and this process is regulated by the ? derivative and facilitated by protein

why are the enzymes pepsin and trypsin initially secreted as pepsinogen and trypsinogen (proenzymes)

what are the main sources of bicarbonate in the intestine

what is the main role of bicarbonate in the small intestine

which part of the stomach is primarily responsible for the secretion of stomach juices

what is the main effect of motility on the digestive tract

which phase of gastric secretion does not require the presence of food in the stomach

which of the following is not a role of motility in the gastrointestinal system

bike is released into the duodenum by which organ

what type of food is primarily digested in the stomach

the main process relating to digestion which occurs in the large intestine is

fat is mainly absorbed by the

secretions of the exocrine pancreas plays a role in the digestion of

which branch of the nervous system regulates the function of the gastrointestinal system

ageing of the gastrointestinal system is frequently characterised by an increased incidence of constipation. this may be caused by

which of the following is not a function of the liver

what are the roles of water in digestion

why does eating a large meal make one sleepy

pancreatitis will have the following symptoms