The final stage of the supply chain where goods and services are sold directly to consumer for personal use

n acting as a bridge between manufacturers and retailers

Wholesalers buy goods in large quantities directly from manufacturers, open benefiting from volume discount

They maintain large inventories of various products, ensuring availability for retailers

Wholesalers handle the storage, transportation and delivery of goods to retailers

They offer a wide range of products from different manufacturers, providing retailers with a convenient one-stop shop

Wholesalers typically offer competitive pricing and credit terms to retailer, making it easier for them to purchase

Key roles and function of a wholesaler B I D P P M

assist retailers with marketing and promotional activities, sharing expertise and resources

product to retailers or other businesses, usually in smaller quantities than they purchase

responsible for storing, transporting, and distributing products to their customer

Meaning wholesaler provide additional services such as product assembly, packaging or labeling to enhance the value of the goods they sell

Wholesalers often assume that risk of inventory ownership, which can be significant especially for perishable or seasonal goods

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLESALER B R D V R

Benefits for manufacturers I R I

Wholesalers expand the rich of manufacturers by connecting them with a wider network or retailers

Manufacturers can offload finish goods to wholesalers, reducing their own inventory holding cost

Focusing on production, manufacturers can streamline their operations and increase efficiency

BENEFITS FOR RETAILERS W R L I

Retailers can access a diverse range of products from different manufacturers through wholesalers

Buying from wholesalers reduce the need for a tailors to place multiple orders with individual manufacturers

Wholesaler typically offer lower prices due to bulp purchasing and economies of scale

Retailers benefit from the logistic expertise and services provided by wholesaler

Types of wholesalers M A D

This wholesalers take ownership of goods they sell, assuming the risk of inventory

They act as intermediaries, connecting buyers and sellers without taking ownership of the goods

They facilitate transaction between manufacturers and retailers without holding any inventory themselves

CLASSIFICATIONS B T S O

And operated by a group of retailers,

TYPE OF GOODS HANDLE -OFFER A WIRING OF PRODUCTS WITHIN SPECIFIC INDUSTRY, SUCH AS GROCERIES, HARDWARE OR ELECTRONICS

TYPES OF GOODS HANDLED - focus on a limited range of products within a specific niche

TYPES OF GOODS HANLDED -CARRY ABROAD ASSORTED OF PRODUCTS ACROSS DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES CATERING TO DIVERSE, CUSTOMER NEEDS

SERVICE OFFERINGS* - REQUIRE RETAILERS TO PAY FOR GOODS AND CASH UPON PURCHASE AND HANDLE TRANSPORTATION THEMSELVES

SERVICE OFFERING They deliver goods directly to retailers

SERVICES OFFERING - FACILITY TRANSACTION BETWEEN MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS WITHOUT HOLDING AN INVENTORY

Other qualifications* -specialized in stocking in maintaining specific products categories, such as non-food items in grocery stores

Focus on providing industrial goods and equipment to businesses

Specialized in exporting goods foreign markets

LIMITATIONS C I D C L T E

Wholesalers at a markup to their products, increasing the overall the cost for a tailors and ultimately consumers

Retailers may have less negotiating power

Bear the cost of storing and managing large inventories