physiology exam 3
問題一覧
1
The majority of the blood flow in the kidney is determined by the oxygen consumption of renal cells to meet their normal metabolic demands.
false
2
There are approximately 800,000 to 1,000,000 nephrons in each kidney.
true
3
The glomerular filtration rate is approximately 180 liters/day.
true
4
Part of the way that the high blood pressure is generated in the glomerular capillaries is because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.
true
5
What hormone is secreted by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
6
What can increase the glomerular filtration rate?
Increased blood pressure
7
Where is the majority of sodium and water reabsorbed in the nephron?
Proximal convuluted tubule
8
Where do aldosterone anatagonists like spironolactone have their effects?
Principal cells of late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts
9
What would decrease the ability of the Peritubular Capillaries to perform reabsorption?
Increased Peritubular Capillary hydrostatic pressure
10
In the basolateral side of the renal tubule what is involved in transporting glucose from the inside of the cell to the intersititium? (Mark both correct answers.)
GLUT-1 and GLUT-2
11
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus can result in glycosuria and polyuria because what has been exceeded?
Transport maximum for glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule
12
What causes the constriction of afferent arterioles?
Epinephrine
13
What is the usual GFR?
180L/ day
14
The Glomerular Filtration Rate is determined by the Net Filtration Pressure times the ________________.
Kf (capillary coefficent)
15
Net reabsorption rate is the product of Kf X net reabsorptive force.
true
16
The fastest transport of water through renal epithelial membranes is:
Through aquaporins, possible by quantum tunneling
17
How is sodium transported from the lumen of the thick part of the loop of Henle into the cells?
1 sodium-2 chloride-1 potassium cotransporter
18
Which of these has a 100% clearance rate in the kidneys?
creatinine
19
In the kidney glucose is ___________.
Filtered and reabsorbed but not secreted
20
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
A mechanism mainly involved in moment-to-moment sensation and control of glomerular filtration rate
21
Where does angiotensin II have most effect in the blood supply of the nephron?
Efferent arteriole
22
HIgh levels of phosphate in the plasma cause increased loss of phosphate in the urine because the increased concentration of phosphate in the filtrate exceeds the transport maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate in the urine
false
23
What actively pumps sodium out of the the tubular epithelial cells into the interstitial space?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
24
Movement of water is by osmosis.
true
25
Both free ionized calcium and phosphate levels in the blood are tightly regulated.
false
26
50% of calcium in the blood is not able to be filtered because it is bound to plasma proteins.
true
27
How is potassium absorbed predominantly in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the apical membrane
28
Regarding the micturition reflex, activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes:
the internal urethral sphincter to contract.
29
The specific renal cotransporter Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter that plays a major part in medullary gradient concentration is located in what part of the nephron
4 - This is the Thick Ascending Loop
30
The highest reabsorption rate for most substances happens in what part of the nephron:
1 - This is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
31
Aldosterone directly causes the reabsorption of water.
false
32
Simulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus would be expected to cause all to increase except _____________.
Volume of urine produced
33
What is the maximum concentration of the ECF osmolarity in the renal medulla?
1200 mOsm/l
34
The __________ provides nutrients to the renal medulla and maintains the hyer-osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitium.
Vasa recta
35
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, EXCEPT
glucose.
36
ADH increases the water permeability of what part of the nephron?
6 & 7 - This is the Collecting Duct
37
Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by angiotensin II and ______________.
Elevated blood K+ levels
38
The fluid that leaves the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is hypo-osmotic to the interstitial fluid in the cortex.
true
39
What is a factor that would shift potassium from the ICF into the ECF?
Acidosis
40
What cell is responsible for the secretion of K+ during increased ECF+] ?
Principal cell
41
What is 50% reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and then the same amount (50%) reabsorbed in the medullary collecting ducts in the presence of ADH and secreted into the thin part of the Loop of Henle?
Urea
42
The major stimulus that causes secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is____________.
Angiotensin II
43
The majority of potassium output occurs in the feces
false
44
The majority of the body's potassium is found inside of cells
true
45
the kidney activates what vitamin?
D
46
Damage to the sensory fibers from the bladder to the spinal cord results in what?
Atonic bladder
47
A renal lobule is the interlobular artery and all of the afferent arterioles that come off of it.
false
48
The __________ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.
vasa recta
49
The location of the urinary bladder in females is in the pelvis between the __________.
pubis symphysis and the uterus
50
The glomerular filtration rate changes markedly with changes in blood pressure.
false
51
Collectively, the capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the ______________.
Glomerulus
52
What nephrons have a long loop of Henle that goes deeply into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephron
53
The micturition reflex does NOT always result in micturition.
true
54
The osmolarity of the tubular fluid contents in the proximal tubule is _______ to the interstitial fluid surrounding it.
Isosmotic
問題一覧
1
The majority of the blood flow in the kidney is determined by the oxygen consumption of renal cells to meet their normal metabolic demands.
false
2
There are approximately 800,000 to 1,000,000 nephrons in each kidney.
true
3
The glomerular filtration rate is approximately 180 liters/day.
true
4
Part of the way that the high blood pressure is generated in the glomerular capillaries is because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.
true
5
What hormone is secreted by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
6
What can increase the glomerular filtration rate?
Increased blood pressure
7
Where is the majority of sodium and water reabsorbed in the nephron?
Proximal convuluted tubule
8
Where do aldosterone anatagonists like spironolactone have their effects?
Principal cells of late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts
9
What would decrease the ability of the Peritubular Capillaries to perform reabsorption?
Increased Peritubular Capillary hydrostatic pressure
10
In the basolateral side of the renal tubule what is involved in transporting glucose from the inside of the cell to the intersititium? (Mark both correct answers.)
GLUT-1 and GLUT-2
11
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus can result in glycosuria and polyuria because what has been exceeded?
Transport maximum for glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule
12
What causes the constriction of afferent arterioles?
Epinephrine
13
What is the usual GFR?
180L/ day
14
The Glomerular Filtration Rate is determined by the Net Filtration Pressure times the ________________.
Kf (capillary coefficent)
15
Net reabsorption rate is the product of Kf X net reabsorptive force.
true
16
The fastest transport of water through renal epithelial membranes is:
Through aquaporins, possible by quantum tunneling
17
How is sodium transported from the lumen of the thick part of the loop of Henle into the cells?
1 sodium-2 chloride-1 potassium cotransporter
18
Which of these has a 100% clearance rate in the kidneys?
creatinine
19
In the kidney glucose is ___________.
Filtered and reabsorbed but not secreted
20
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
A mechanism mainly involved in moment-to-moment sensation and control of glomerular filtration rate
21
Where does angiotensin II have most effect in the blood supply of the nephron?
Efferent arteriole
22
HIgh levels of phosphate in the plasma cause increased loss of phosphate in the urine because the increased concentration of phosphate in the filtrate exceeds the transport maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate in the urine
false
23
What actively pumps sodium out of the the tubular epithelial cells into the interstitial space?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
24
Movement of water is by osmosis.
true
25
Both free ionized calcium and phosphate levels in the blood are tightly regulated.
false
26
50% of calcium in the blood is not able to be filtered because it is bound to plasma proteins.
true
27
How is potassium absorbed predominantly in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the apical membrane
28
Regarding the micturition reflex, activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes:
the internal urethral sphincter to contract.
29
The specific renal cotransporter Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter that plays a major part in medullary gradient concentration is located in what part of the nephron
4 - This is the Thick Ascending Loop
30
The highest reabsorption rate for most substances happens in what part of the nephron:
1 - This is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
31
Aldosterone directly causes the reabsorption of water.
false
32
Simulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus would be expected to cause all to increase except _____________.
Volume of urine produced
33
What is the maximum concentration of the ECF osmolarity in the renal medulla?
1200 mOsm/l
34
The __________ provides nutrients to the renal medulla and maintains the hyer-osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitium.
Vasa recta
35
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, EXCEPT
glucose.
36
ADH increases the water permeability of what part of the nephron?
6 & 7 - This is the Collecting Duct
37
Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by angiotensin II and ______________.
Elevated blood K+ levels
38
The fluid that leaves the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is hypo-osmotic to the interstitial fluid in the cortex.
true
39
What is a factor that would shift potassium from the ICF into the ECF?
Acidosis
40
What cell is responsible for the secretion of K+ during increased ECF+] ?
Principal cell
41
What is 50% reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and then the same amount (50%) reabsorbed in the medullary collecting ducts in the presence of ADH and secreted into the thin part of the Loop of Henle?
Urea
42
The major stimulus that causes secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is____________.
Angiotensin II
43
The majority of potassium output occurs in the feces
false
44
The majority of the body's potassium is found inside of cells
true
45
the kidney activates what vitamin?
D
46
Damage to the sensory fibers from the bladder to the spinal cord results in what?
Atonic bladder
47
A renal lobule is the interlobular artery and all of the afferent arterioles that come off of it.
false
48
The __________ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.
vasa recta
49
The location of the urinary bladder in females is in the pelvis between the __________.
pubis symphysis and the uterus
50
The glomerular filtration rate changes markedly with changes in blood pressure.
false
51
Collectively, the capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the ______________.
Glomerulus
52
What nephrons have a long loop of Henle that goes deeply into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephron
53
The micturition reflex does NOT always result in micturition.
true
54
The osmolarity of the tubular fluid contents in the proximal tubule is _______ to the interstitial fluid surrounding it.
Isosmotic