Ch. 1-3
問題一覧
1
The body’s mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as which of the following?
Spontaneous ventilation
2
Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
3
The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous breathing is depicted by which of the following?
B
4
During spontaneous inspiration alveolar pressure (PA) is about:
________.
- 1 cm H2O
5
The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the following?
Transpulmonary pressure (PL)
6
Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive pressure ventilation when the proximal airway pressure (PAw) is 35 cm H2O and the alveolar pressure (PA) is 5 cm H2O.
30 cm H2O
7
The term used to describe the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or acted on by an outside force is which of the following?
Elastance
8
Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient with a respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H2O.
26.7 cm H2O
9
The condition that causes pulmonary compliance to increase is which of the following?
Emphysema
10
Calculate the effective static compliance (Cs) given the following information about a patient receiving mechanical ventilation: peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 56 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 40 cm H2O, exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 650 mL, and positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is 10 cm H2O.
21.7 mL/cm H2O
11
Based upon the following patient information calculate the patient’s static lung compliance: exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 675 mL, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 28 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 8 cm H2O, and PEEP is set at 5 cm H2O.
0.22 L/cm H2O
12
A patient receiving mechanical ventilation has an exhaled tidal volume (VT) of 500 mL and a positive-end expiratory pressure setting (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O. Patient-ventilator system checks reveal the following data:
1, 3
13
The values below pertain to a patient who is being mechanically ventilated with a measured exhaled tidal volume (VT ) of 700 mL.
Lung compliance is decreasing.
14
The respiratory therapist should expect which of the following findings while ventilating a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
An elevated plateau pressure (Pplateau)
15
The formula used for the calculation of static compliance (CS) is which of the following?
Tidal volume/(plateau pressure – EEP) <equation> CS = VT/(Pplateau - EEP)
16
Plateau pressure (Pplateau) is measured during which phase of the ventilatory cycle?
End-inspiration
17
The condition that is associated with an increase in airway resistance is which of the following?
Bronchospasm
18
An increase in peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) without an increase in plateau pressure (Pplateau) is associated with which of the following?
Increase in airway resistance
19
The patient-ventilator data over the past few hours demonstrates an increased peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) with a constant transairway pressure (PTA). The respiratory therapist should conclude which of the following?
Static compliance (CS) has decreased.
20
Calculate airway resistance (Raw ) for a ventilator patient, in cm H2O/L/sec, when the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 50 cm H2O, the plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 15 cm H2O, and the set flow rate is 60 L/min.
35 Raw
21
Calculate airway resistance (Raw) for a ventilator patient, in cm H2O/L/sec, with the following information: Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 20 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 15 cm H2O, PEEP is 5 cm H2O, and set flow rate is 50 L/min.
6 Raw
22
Calculate the static compliance (CS), in mL/cm H2O, when PIP is 47 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 27 cm H2O, baseline pressure is 10 cm H2O, and exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 725 mL.
43 Cs
23
Calculate the inspiratory time necessary to ensure 98% of the volume is delivered to a patient with a Cs = 40 mL/cm H2O and the Raw = 1 cm H2O/(L/sec).
0.16 sec
24
How many time constants are necessary for 95% of the tidal volume (VT) to be delivered from a mechanical ventilator?
3
25
Compute the inspiratory time necessary to ensure 100% of the volume is delivered to an intubated patient with a Cs = 60 mL/cm H2O and the Raw = 6 cm H2O/(L/sec).
1.8 sec
26
Evaluate the combinations of compliance and resistance and select the combination that will cause the lungs to fill fastest.
Cs = 0.03L/cmH2O Raw = 1cm H2O/(L/sec)
27
The statement that describes the alveolus shown in Figure 1-1 is which of the following?
1. Requires more time to fill than a normal alveolus
2. Fills more quickly than a normal alveolus
3. Requires more volume to fill than a normal alveolus
4. More pressure is needed to achieve a normal volume
2, 4
28
Calculate the static compliance (CS), in mL/cm H2O, when PIP is 26 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 19 cm H2O, baseline pressure is 5 cm H2O and exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 425 mL.
30
29
What type of ventilator increases transpulmonary pressure (PL) by mimicking the normal mechanism for inspiration?
High frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV)
30
Air accidently trapped in the lungs due to mechanical ventilation is known as which of the following?
Intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (intrinsic PEEP)
31
The transairway pressure (PTA) shown in this figure is which of the following?
10 cm H2O
32
Use this figure to compute the static compliance (CS) for an intubated patient with an exhaled tidal volume (VT) of 500 mL.
50 mL/cm H2O
33
Evaluate the combinations of compliance and resistance and select the combination that will cause the lungs to empty slowest.
CS = 0.05L/cmH2O Raw = 6cm H2O/(L/sec)
34
Use this figure to compute the static compliance for an intubated patient with an inspiratory flow rate set at 70 L/min.
11.7 cm H2O/(L/sec)
35
The ventilator that functions most physiologically uses which of the following?
Negative pressure
36
The respiratory therapist enters modes and parameters into the ventilator with which of the following?
User interface
37
Which of the following ventilators is pneumatically powered?
Bio-Med MVP-10
38
A patient being transferred from a hospital to a skilled nursing facility requires mechanical ventilation with a fractional inspired oxygen (FIO2) of 0.21. The skilled nursing facility has no piped in gases. Which of the following ventilators will be able to function in the skilled nursing facility without any extra equipment?
LTV 1000
39
The internal circuit of a ventilator allows the gas to go directly from its power source into the patient. This is known as which of the following?
Single-circuit
40
A ventilator for which the primary power source generates a gas flow that compresses another mechanism and causes the gas from inside the mechanism to be delivered to the patient is known as which of the following?
Double-circuit
41
The function of the exhalation valve is to do which of the following?
Seal the external circuit during inspiration
42
In the image, what does “B” represent?
Expiratory line
43
The type of compressors that are used by hospitals to supply wall compressed air has which of the following?
Piston
44
The power transmission and conversion system of a ventilator is defined as which of the following?
Internal hardware that changes electrical or pneumatic energy into mechanical energy
45
The volume displacement device that creates a sinusoidal flow waveform is which of the following?
Rotary drive piston
46
Modern intensive care units’ (ICU) ventilators regulate gas flow to the patient by using which of the following?
Proportional solenoids
47
The equation of motion describes the relationships between which of the following?
Flow, volume, and pressure during a spontaneous or mechanical breath
48
The equation of motion is represented by which of the following?
PTR =Paw +PA
49
How many variables can a ventilator control at one time?
One
50
Calculate the transrespiratory pressure given the following information: volume 0.6 L; compliance 1 L/cm H2O; airway resistance 3 cm H2O/L/sec; flow 1 L/sec.
3.6 cm H2O
51
An increase in airway resistance during volume-controlled ventilation will have which of the following effects?
Pressure increase
52
An increase in airway resistance during pressure-targeted ventilation will have which of the following effects?
Volume decrease
53
A patient who has a decrease in lung compliance due to acute respiratory distress syndrome during volume-limited ventilation will cause which of the following?
Increased peak pressure
54
During pressure-targeted ventilation the patient’s airway resistance decreases to normal due to medication delivery. The ventilator will respond with which of the following changes?
1. Altered flow waveform
2. Increased pressure
3. Increased volume
4. Decrease volume
1, 3
55
High-frequency oscillators control which of the following variables?
Time
56
The ventilator variable that begins inspiration is which of the following?
Trigger
57
The trigger variable in the controlled mode is which of the following?
Time
58
A patient who has been sedated and paralyzed by medications is being controlled by the ventilator. The set rate is 15 breaths/min. How many seconds does it take for inspiration and expiration to occur?
4 seconds
59
The most commonly used patient-trigger variables include which of the following?
1. Flow
2. Time
3. Pressure
4. Volume
1, 3
60
A patient is receiving volume-controlled ventilation. The respiratory therapist notes the pressure-time scalar on the ventilator screen, shown in the figure. The most appropriate action to take includes which of the following?
Increase the sensitivity setting.
61
The inspiratory and expiratory flow sensors are reading a base flow of 5 liters per minute (L/min). The flow trigger is set to 2 L/min. The expiratory flow sensor must read what flow to trigger inspiration?
3 L/min
62
The patient trigger that requires the least amount of work of breathing for the patient is which of the following?
Flow
63
The limit variable set on a mechanical ventilator will do which of the following?
Control the maximum value allowed
64
The control variables most often used to ventilate infants are which of the following?
Pressure limited, time cycled ventilation
65
The respiratory therapist enters the room of a patient being mechanically ventilated with volume ventilation. The high pressure alarm is sounding and the measured exhaled tidal volume is significantly lower than what is set. The variable that is ending inspiration is which of the following?
Pressure
66
The variable that a ventilator uses to end inspiration is known as which of the following?
Limit
67
When the maximum pressure limit is reached during volume ventilation, which of the following occurs?
1. Inspiratory time is decreased.
2. Volume delivered is decreased.
3. Inspiration continues until volume is delivered.
4. Pressure is held and the breath is volume cycled.
1, 2
68
The respiratory therapist is called to a patient’s room because the “alarms are ringing.” When the respiratory therapist arrives at the bedside, the high pressure limit, low exhaled tidal volume, and low exhaled minute volume alarms are active. The cause of these alarms is which of the following?
Airway resistance has increased.
69
The most common method of terminating inspiration during pressure support ventilation is which of the following?
Flow
70
What is the flow-cycle setting for the following pressure supported breath?
50%
71
Identify the pressure-time scalar for a pressure supported breath.
C
72
Which maneuver will maintain air in the lungs at the end of inspiration, before the exhalation valve opens?
Inspiratory hold
73
The ventilator that can provide a negative pressure during the very beginning of the exhalation phase is which of the following?
Cardiopulmonary Venturi
74
The pressure-time scalar shown in the figure could be caused by which of the following?
Clogged expiratory filter
75
A ventilator is set to deliver a 600 mL tidal volume. The flow rate is set at 40 L/min and the frequency is set at 10 breaths/min. If the flow rate is doubled and the patient is not assisting, which of the following will occur?
The expiratory time will increase.
76
The variable that controls exhalation is known as which of the following?
Baseline
77
In pressure targeted ventilation the trigger variable for a patient who is sedated is which of the following?
Time
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test 1
5問 • 1年前問題一覧
1
The body’s mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as which of the following?
Spontaneous ventilation
2
Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
3
The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous breathing is depicted by which of the following?
B
4
During spontaneous inspiration alveolar pressure (PA) is about:
________.
- 1 cm H2O
5
The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the following?
Transpulmonary pressure (PL)
6
Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive pressure ventilation when the proximal airway pressure (PAw) is 35 cm H2O and the alveolar pressure (PA) is 5 cm H2O.
30 cm H2O
7
The term used to describe the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or acted on by an outside force is which of the following?
Elastance
8
Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient with a respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H2O.
26.7 cm H2O
9
The condition that causes pulmonary compliance to increase is which of the following?
Emphysema
10
Calculate the effective static compliance (Cs) given the following information about a patient receiving mechanical ventilation: peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 56 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 40 cm H2O, exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 650 mL, and positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is 10 cm H2O.
21.7 mL/cm H2O
11
Based upon the following patient information calculate the patient’s static lung compliance: exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 675 mL, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 28 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 8 cm H2O, and PEEP is set at 5 cm H2O.
0.22 L/cm H2O
12
A patient receiving mechanical ventilation has an exhaled tidal volume (VT) of 500 mL and a positive-end expiratory pressure setting (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O. Patient-ventilator system checks reveal the following data:
1, 3
13
The values below pertain to a patient who is being mechanically ventilated with a measured exhaled tidal volume (VT ) of 700 mL.
Lung compliance is decreasing.
14
The respiratory therapist should expect which of the following findings while ventilating a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
An elevated plateau pressure (Pplateau)
15
The formula used for the calculation of static compliance (CS) is which of the following?
Tidal volume/(plateau pressure – EEP) <equation> CS = VT/(Pplateau - EEP)
16
Plateau pressure (Pplateau) is measured during which phase of the ventilatory cycle?
End-inspiration
17
The condition that is associated with an increase in airway resistance is which of the following?
Bronchospasm
18
An increase in peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) without an increase in plateau pressure (Pplateau) is associated with which of the following?
Increase in airway resistance
19
The patient-ventilator data over the past few hours demonstrates an increased peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) with a constant transairway pressure (PTA). The respiratory therapist should conclude which of the following?
Static compliance (CS) has decreased.
20
Calculate airway resistance (Raw ) for a ventilator patient, in cm H2O/L/sec, when the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 50 cm H2O, the plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 15 cm H2O, and the set flow rate is 60 L/min.
35 Raw
21
Calculate airway resistance (Raw) for a ventilator patient, in cm H2O/L/sec, with the following information: Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 20 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 15 cm H2O, PEEP is 5 cm H2O, and set flow rate is 50 L/min.
6 Raw
22
Calculate the static compliance (CS), in mL/cm H2O, when PIP is 47 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 27 cm H2O, baseline pressure is 10 cm H2O, and exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 725 mL.
43 Cs
23
Calculate the inspiratory time necessary to ensure 98% of the volume is delivered to a patient with a Cs = 40 mL/cm H2O and the Raw = 1 cm H2O/(L/sec).
0.16 sec
24
How many time constants are necessary for 95% of the tidal volume (VT) to be delivered from a mechanical ventilator?
3
25
Compute the inspiratory time necessary to ensure 100% of the volume is delivered to an intubated patient with a Cs = 60 mL/cm H2O and the Raw = 6 cm H2O/(L/sec).
1.8 sec
26
Evaluate the combinations of compliance and resistance and select the combination that will cause the lungs to fill fastest.
Cs = 0.03L/cmH2O Raw = 1cm H2O/(L/sec)
27
The statement that describes the alveolus shown in Figure 1-1 is which of the following?
1. Requires more time to fill than a normal alveolus
2. Fills more quickly than a normal alveolus
3. Requires more volume to fill than a normal alveolus
4. More pressure is needed to achieve a normal volume
2, 4
28
Calculate the static compliance (CS), in mL/cm H2O, when PIP is 26 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 19 cm H2O, baseline pressure is 5 cm H2O and exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 425 mL.
30
29
What type of ventilator increases transpulmonary pressure (PL) by mimicking the normal mechanism for inspiration?
High frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV)
30
Air accidently trapped in the lungs due to mechanical ventilation is known as which of the following?
Intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (intrinsic PEEP)
31
The transairway pressure (PTA) shown in this figure is which of the following?
10 cm H2O
32
Use this figure to compute the static compliance (CS) for an intubated patient with an exhaled tidal volume (VT) of 500 mL.
50 mL/cm H2O
33
Evaluate the combinations of compliance and resistance and select the combination that will cause the lungs to empty slowest.
CS = 0.05L/cmH2O Raw = 6cm H2O/(L/sec)
34
Use this figure to compute the static compliance for an intubated patient with an inspiratory flow rate set at 70 L/min.
11.7 cm H2O/(L/sec)
35
The ventilator that functions most physiologically uses which of the following?
Negative pressure
36
The respiratory therapist enters modes and parameters into the ventilator with which of the following?
User interface
37
Which of the following ventilators is pneumatically powered?
Bio-Med MVP-10
38
A patient being transferred from a hospital to a skilled nursing facility requires mechanical ventilation with a fractional inspired oxygen (FIO2) of 0.21. The skilled nursing facility has no piped in gases. Which of the following ventilators will be able to function in the skilled nursing facility without any extra equipment?
LTV 1000
39
The internal circuit of a ventilator allows the gas to go directly from its power source into the patient. This is known as which of the following?
Single-circuit
40
A ventilator for which the primary power source generates a gas flow that compresses another mechanism and causes the gas from inside the mechanism to be delivered to the patient is known as which of the following?
Double-circuit
41
The function of the exhalation valve is to do which of the following?
Seal the external circuit during inspiration
42
In the image, what does “B” represent?
Expiratory line
43
The type of compressors that are used by hospitals to supply wall compressed air has which of the following?
Piston
44
The power transmission and conversion system of a ventilator is defined as which of the following?
Internal hardware that changes electrical or pneumatic energy into mechanical energy
45
The volume displacement device that creates a sinusoidal flow waveform is which of the following?
Rotary drive piston
46
Modern intensive care units’ (ICU) ventilators regulate gas flow to the patient by using which of the following?
Proportional solenoids
47
The equation of motion describes the relationships between which of the following?
Flow, volume, and pressure during a spontaneous or mechanical breath
48
The equation of motion is represented by which of the following?
PTR =Paw +PA
49
How many variables can a ventilator control at one time?
One
50
Calculate the transrespiratory pressure given the following information: volume 0.6 L; compliance 1 L/cm H2O; airway resistance 3 cm H2O/L/sec; flow 1 L/sec.
3.6 cm H2O
51
An increase in airway resistance during volume-controlled ventilation will have which of the following effects?
Pressure increase
52
An increase in airway resistance during pressure-targeted ventilation will have which of the following effects?
Volume decrease
53
A patient who has a decrease in lung compliance due to acute respiratory distress syndrome during volume-limited ventilation will cause which of the following?
Increased peak pressure
54
During pressure-targeted ventilation the patient’s airway resistance decreases to normal due to medication delivery. The ventilator will respond with which of the following changes?
1. Altered flow waveform
2. Increased pressure
3. Increased volume
4. Decrease volume
1, 3
55
High-frequency oscillators control which of the following variables?
Time
56
The ventilator variable that begins inspiration is which of the following?
Trigger
57
The trigger variable in the controlled mode is which of the following?
Time
58
A patient who has been sedated and paralyzed by medications is being controlled by the ventilator. The set rate is 15 breaths/min. How many seconds does it take for inspiration and expiration to occur?
4 seconds
59
The most commonly used patient-trigger variables include which of the following?
1. Flow
2. Time
3. Pressure
4. Volume
1, 3
60
A patient is receiving volume-controlled ventilation. The respiratory therapist notes the pressure-time scalar on the ventilator screen, shown in the figure. The most appropriate action to take includes which of the following?
Increase the sensitivity setting.
61
The inspiratory and expiratory flow sensors are reading a base flow of 5 liters per minute (L/min). The flow trigger is set to 2 L/min. The expiratory flow sensor must read what flow to trigger inspiration?
3 L/min
62
The patient trigger that requires the least amount of work of breathing for the patient is which of the following?
Flow
63
The limit variable set on a mechanical ventilator will do which of the following?
Control the maximum value allowed
64
The control variables most often used to ventilate infants are which of the following?
Pressure limited, time cycled ventilation
65
The respiratory therapist enters the room of a patient being mechanically ventilated with volume ventilation. The high pressure alarm is sounding and the measured exhaled tidal volume is significantly lower than what is set. The variable that is ending inspiration is which of the following?
Pressure
66
The variable that a ventilator uses to end inspiration is known as which of the following?
Limit
67
When the maximum pressure limit is reached during volume ventilation, which of the following occurs?
1. Inspiratory time is decreased.
2. Volume delivered is decreased.
3. Inspiration continues until volume is delivered.
4. Pressure is held and the breath is volume cycled.
1, 2
68
The respiratory therapist is called to a patient’s room because the “alarms are ringing.” When the respiratory therapist arrives at the bedside, the high pressure limit, low exhaled tidal volume, and low exhaled minute volume alarms are active. The cause of these alarms is which of the following?
Airway resistance has increased.
69
The most common method of terminating inspiration during pressure support ventilation is which of the following?
Flow
70
What is the flow-cycle setting for the following pressure supported breath?
50%
71
Identify the pressure-time scalar for a pressure supported breath.
C
72
Which maneuver will maintain air in the lungs at the end of inspiration, before the exhalation valve opens?
Inspiratory hold
73
The ventilator that can provide a negative pressure during the very beginning of the exhalation phase is which of the following?
Cardiopulmonary Venturi
74
The pressure-time scalar shown in the figure could be caused by which of the following?
Clogged expiratory filter
75
A ventilator is set to deliver a 600 mL tidal volume. The flow rate is set at 40 L/min and the frequency is set at 10 breaths/min. If the flow rate is doubled and the patient is not assisting, which of the following will occur?
The expiratory time will increase.
76
The variable that controls exhalation is known as which of the following?
Baseline
77
In pressure targeted ventilation the trigger variable for a patient who is sedated is which of the following?
Time