damage to region of motor cortex controlling face muscules or to neurones connecting the two

emotions elicit facial movements that cannot otherwise be produced

damage to specific region or thalami’s region between PFC & hindbrain regions controlling musculature

emotions do not elicit expressions even though person can voluntarily make the component movements

biological basis

evolution, cross-cultural, blind, newborns

triggered by exposure to trauma, significant distress

re-experiencing, avoidance, negative conditions, arousal

emotions, physiological, behavioural, cognition

greater activation to fear

active PFC inhibits amygdala & reduces expression, script-driven imagery, lower activation

negatively correlated

unconditioned activation of amygdala, related arousal, physiological dysregulation= enhances memory, cortisol reduced

cortisol & NA compete, negative correlation, beta blocker can prevent NA causing stronger trauma memory trace

inhibition, CS doesn’t = US, PTSD don’t recall extinction as well

simple spinal & brainstem reflexes

stereotypes/reflexive= hypothalamus

flexible/goal directed= amygdala

need homeostasis, deviation= need state, causes drive state, activates directed behaviour, body detects deviations (error predictor) from set point

unrelated motivational drive, learning

liking + wanting motivational incentive value= reward

unconscious sensory pleasure, conditioned, brain stem, hierarchal control

motivational incentive value, not cog, conditioned, mesolimboc dopamine

reward depends on current drive