問題一覧
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1. Avoid overly complex models.
Occam's Razor suggests choosing the simplest model that explains phenomena effectively, avoiding unnecessary complexity.
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Ceteris paribus.
This Latin phrase means "all else being equal," a key concept in isolating specific economic relationships.
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It holds up under different simplifying assumptions.
Robust models remain valid even when underlying assumptions vary, demonstrating broad applicability.Robust models remain valid even when underlying assumptions vary, demonstrating broad applicability.
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They make simplifying assumptions less obvious.
Mathematical techniques are meant to clarify relationships, but they often highlight rather than obscure assumptions.
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. Aggregate output equals aggregate demand.
This equation underpins equilibrium in the goods market.
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5. Minimizing unnecessary complications
Parsimony emphasizes simplicity while retaining explanatory power
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8. The difference is usually negligible in certain economies
For many countries, GDP and GNP are close in value, especially if international income flows are small.
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No agent in the economy has an incentive to change behavior.
Equilibrium is a state where economic forces are balanced, and no participant sees a benefit in altering their actions.
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Disequilibrium where Y>AD.
Excess production leads to inventory buildup when aggregate output surpasses demand.
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Aggregate demand equals aggregate output.
Short-run models typically assume markets clear at this balance point.
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A closed economy.
A closed economy excludes external trade and government interventions.
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Inventories decline.
Firms deplete inventory to meet excess demand.
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Inventories decline
Firms deplete inventory to meet excess demand.
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Stating the equilibrium condition.
Identifying where Y=AD is a crucial first step.
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14. Transfer payments.
These are redistributions like pensions or unemployment benefits.
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They are neutral due to forward-looking behavior.
Consumers save more in anticipation of future taxes, offsetting deficits.
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Government deficits.
This equation reflects the financial balance of the government sector
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Government borrowing decreases private investment.
Higher government borrowing raises interest rates, reducing private investment.
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A simultaneous government and trade deficit.
Twin deficits occur when fiscal imbalance correlates with trade imbalances.
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Trade deficits grow when government deficits increase.
Fiscal deficits often lead to higher imports, exacerbating trade deficits.
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They underestimate future tax liabilities.
Consumers may not fully account for future fiscal adjustments.