問題一覧
1
Stating the equilibrium condition.
Identifying where Y=AD is a crucial first step.
2
Inventories decline.
Firms deplete inventory to meet excess demand.
3
14. Transfer payments.
These are redistributions like pensions or unemployment benefits.
4
. Aggregate output equals aggregate demand.
This equation underpins equilibrium in the goods market.
5
A closed economy.
A closed economy excludes external trade and government interventions.
6
It holds up under different simplifying assumptions.
Robust models remain valid even when underlying assumptions vary, demonstrating broad applicability.Robust models remain valid even when underlying assumptions vary, demonstrating broad applicability.
7
Government borrowing decreases private investment.
Higher government borrowing raises interest rates, reducing private investment.
8
Ceteris paribus.
This Latin phrase means "all else being equal," a key concept in isolating specific economic relationships.
9
5. Minimizing unnecessary complications
Parsimony emphasizes simplicity while retaining explanatory power
10
8. The difference is usually negligible in certain economies
For many countries, GDP and GNP are close in value, especially if international income flows are small.
11
They make simplifying assumptions less obvious.
Mathematical techniques are meant to clarify relationships, but they often highlight rather than obscure assumptions.
12
Aggregate demand equals aggregate output.
Short-run models typically assume markets clear at this balance point.
13
No agent in the economy has an incentive to change behavior.
Equilibrium is a state where economic forces are balanced, and no participant sees a benefit in altering their actions.
14
Inventories decline
Firms deplete inventory to meet excess demand.
15
They underestimate future tax liabilities.
Consumers may not fully account for future fiscal adjustments.
16
A simultaneous government and trade deficit.
Twin deficits occur when fiscal imbalance correlates with trade imbalances.
17
They are neutral due to forward-looking behavior.
Consumers save more in anticipation of future taxes, offsetting deficits.
18
Government deficits.
This equation reflects the financial balance of the government sector
19
1. Avoid overly complex models.
Occam's Razor suggests choosing the simplest model that explains phenomena effectively, avoiding unnecessary complexity.
20
Trade deficits grow when government deficits increase.
Fiscal deficits often lead to higher imports, exacerbating trade deficits.
21
Disequilibrium where Y>AD.
Excess production leads to inventory buildup when aggregate output surpasses demand.