問題一覧
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FORMULA CONDUCTANCE
G= 1/R
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the power consumed or dissipated by the resistive component also called True Power, Useful Power and Productive Power measured in Watts (W) it is equal to the product of the apparent power and the power factor
REAL POWER/ TRUE POWER
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is the DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS OF SIMILAR CYCLES of a periodic wave
WAVELENGTH
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rejects or blocks all signals having frequencies between the two cut-off frequencies
BAND REJECT FILTERS
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the instantaneous value of voltage or current is the value or current at one particular instant
Instantaneous Value
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represents the rate at which the total energy is supplied to the system measured in volt-amperes (VA) the vector sum of the true and reactive powers
APPARENT POWER
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It is when waveform repeats
CYCLE
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total opposition to the flow of AC combination of resistance and reactance
IMPEDANCE Z
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FORMULA REACTIVE POWER
Q= VIsin(0) = VI x rf Q= I2Xlc Q= rf x S
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opposition offered by inductor and capacitor to AC
REACTANCE X
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opposition to current offered by resistive components
Resistance
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FORMULA IMPEDANCE
Z= sqrt R^2 + X^2 R+-Xlc
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flow of electricity PERIODICALLY REVERSES IN DIRECTION
Alternating Current
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represents the rate at which energy is stored or released in the reactive component also called the imaginary power, non- productive or wattless power It is positive for inductive power (Q) and negative for capacitive power (Qc) measured in volt ampere reactive VAR
REACTIVE POWER Q
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the current leads the applied voltage by an angle greater than 0° but less than 90°
Capacitive Circuit
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consists of a coil and a capacitor connected in series or in parallel
TUNED OR RESONANT CIRCUIT
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FORMULA: POWER FACTOR p.f
Pf = P/S
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FORMULA : BANDWIDTH
fr = Q x Bw
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the LENGTH OF TIME it takes to COMPLETE ON CYCLE
PERIOD
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passes all signals having frequencies higher than its cut-off frequency
HIGH PASS FILTERS
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a flow of electricity which reaches maximum in one direction, decreases to zero, then reverses itself and reaches maximum in the opposite direction
Alternating Current
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FORMULA UPPER AND LOWER CUT OFF FREQ
fu = fr + BW/2
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FORMULA INSTANTANOUS VALUE
V(o) = Vm sin(O) V(t) = Vm x sin (2pift) V(w) = Vm x sin (wt)
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the ratio of the RMS value to the AVERAGE value of an alternating quantity
FORM FACTOR
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C = Speed of light
3x10^8 m/s2 speed of light
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FORMULA REAL POWER
P= VIcos(0)= VIpf P= Pf x S P= I^2 x R
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reciprocal of reactance
SUSCEPTANCE B
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in series resonant circuit, Q is also called as the
VOLTAGE MAGNIFICATION FACTOR
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a circuit consisting of a combination of capacitors, inductors and resistors connected so that it wil either PERMIT OR PREVENT passage of a certain band of frequencies
PASSIVE FILTERS
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passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range
BANDPASS FILTERS
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FORMULA 3PHASE AC LINE
q
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6 Characteristics of Parallel R e s o n a n c e
At f=fr, XL=Xc, and since parallel branches have same voltage, IL=lc At f=fr, Z is maximum (Z=R₽) At f=fr, I is minimum (I=E/Rp) At f=fr, Z is resistive (I-is in-phase with E) At fsfr, Z is inductive At f>fr, Z is capacitive
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in a parallel resonant circuit, Q is also called as
CURRENT MAGNIFICATION FACTOR
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1 cycle = 2 alternations
x2
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6 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S e r i e s R e s o n a n c e
At f=fr, XL=Xc, and since series connected components have same current, VL=Vc At f=fr, Z is minimum (Z=R) At f=fr, I is maximum (I=E/R) At f=fr, Z is resistive (I is in-phase with E) At f<fr, Z is capacitive At f>fr, Z is inductive
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It is a quantity that varies in MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION with respect to time
ALTERNATING QUANTITY
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It is how high the sin wave in ac
AMPLITUDE
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also known as band-elimination, band-stop, or notch filters
BAND REJECT FILTERS
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cut-off points are the points wherein
-the current drops to 70.7% of its max v a l u e - the voltage drops to 70.7% of its max value - the power drops to 50% of its max
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V and I are in phaseV and I are in phase
PURELY RESISTIVE
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- passes all signals having frequencies lower than its cut-off frequency
LOW PASS FILTERS
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FORMULA RESONANT RISE IN REACTIVE VOLTAGE:
Vc or VL = Q x Vs
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FORMULA RESONANCE PARALLEL
fr = 1/2pi sqrt LC
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the ratio of MAXIMUM value to the R.M.S value of an alternating quantity
PEAK FACTOR/ CREST FACTOR/ AMPLITUDE FACTOR
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FORMULA CENTER RESONANT FREQ
fr = sqrt fl x fu
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the current lags the applied voltage by 90°
Purely Inductive Circuit
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FORMULA APPARENT POWER
S = sqrt P^2+Q^2 S = I^2 Z
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FORMULA WAVELENGTH
lambda = Vp/c Vp = Vf x c c = 3x10^8 m/s2
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FORMULA CUT OFF FREQUENCY
1/2pift t time constant
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at resonance or at f = fr → XC=XL below resonance or at f<fr → XC>XL above resonance or at f>fr → XL>XC
q
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the current lags the applied voltage by an angle greater than 0° but less than 90°
Inductive Circuit
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FORMULA Q FACTOR PARALLEL
X/rs + X^2/Rp
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cut-off points are also called
HALF-POWER, CUT-OFF, BREAK-OFF, and 3 dB DOWN Points
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Time to complete one cycle
Period
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the NUMBER OF CYCLES in ONE SECOND
FREQUENCY
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reciprocal of resistance
CONDUCTANCE G
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FORMULA: Frequency
F = 1/T
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FORMULA QUALITY FACTOR
q
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FORMULA RESONANCE
fr = 1/2pi sqrt LC
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parallel resonance is also called
Anti Resonance
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FORMULA: AVERAGE Value/ Dc Value/ Mean Value
.636Vm
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FORMULA RESONANT RISE IN TANK CURRENT:
Ic or IL = Q x Is
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the average of the ALL the Instantaneous values for a certain period of time
Average Value
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FORMULA: Vrms
Vrms = Vm/sqrt2 = .707Vm
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the current leads the voltage by 90°
Purely Capacitive Circuit
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the VALUE OF THE WAVE AT ITS PEAK
AMPLITUDE
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Cycles = Frequency
60 Cycles = 60 Hertz
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FORMULA REACTANCE
XL = 2pifL Xc = 1/2pifc
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FORMULA: Wavelength
lambda = Vp/f Vp = C x Vf c= 3x10^8
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FORMULA PEAK TO PEAK VALUE
Vpp = 2Vm
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value that will have the same heating effect on a resistance as a comparable value of direct current or voltage will have on the same r e s i s t a n c e
Vrms/ Effective Value/ Ac Value
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parameter that indicates the width of frequencies centered around the resonant frequency RANGE of frequencies included between the two cut-off frequencies
Bandwidth
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The maximum value of a waveform of one alternation either negative or positive alternation
Maximum Value Peak Value
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FORMULA: REACTIVE FACTOR r.f
rf = Q/S
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reciprocal of impedance combination of conductance and susceptance
ADMITTANCE Y
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a circuit phenomenon or condition wherein: the current is in phase with the voltage • the circuit power factor becomes unity the inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance
Resonance