The basic unit of all living things, including humans The smallest unit that is capable of performing life function

Most cells are ____ and are said to have two copies of the genome or diploid (46 chromosomes)

_____ which are sperm and egg cells, have one copy of genome and are haploid (23 chromosomes)

_____ are diploid cells that divide to give rise to differentiated cells and replicate themselves in a process called self-renewal

Major types of biomolecules

Macromolecule that make up cells, provide energy, and contributes to cell structure

Forms the basis of some hormones, membranes, provide insulation, and store energy

Enable blood clot, form contractile fibers of muscle cells, and form the bulk of the body’s connective tissue.

Catalyze biochemical reactions so that they occur fast enough to sustain life

Translates informtion from past generations into specific collections of proteins that give a cell its characteristics

What are the two types of cells?

All are true about prokaryotic cells, except;

All are true about eukaryotic cells, except;

In prokaryotic cells, DNA are stored in the ____

The _____ forms the outer boundary of the cell through which the cell interacts with its external environment. ● also forms plasma membrane ● semi / selectively permeable — allows certain substances to pass through but not others ● allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a weak solution to a strong solution

Solution that causes cells to neither shrink nor swell

Solution that causes cells to shrink

Solution that causes cells to swell

When substances across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient, using energy and carriers in the membrane ● can move substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP

Movement of other materials across cell membrane w/o the use of energy ● concentration must be higher on one side than the other for movement to occur

______ is the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient Involves transport proteins like channel or carrier proteins that moves substances from a higher to a lower concentration does not require energy in the form of ATP

Process by which cells takes in substances from outside by engulfing them

Form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell

____ means “cell-eating” Cell uses plasma membrane to engulf large particle, giving rise to phagosome

Cell that performs phagocytosis

______ means “cell-drinking” cells takes in fluid along w/ dissolved small molecules cell membrane folds and captures cellular fluid and membranes

● have a variety of functions ● structure within cells that are specialized for particular functions

cellular material outside the nucleus but innate the plasma membrane, is about half cytosol and half organelles

gelatin like aqueous fluid (salt, minerals, organic molecules) where organelles get their food

the powerhouse of the cell site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP

-made up of proteins and RNA - where RNA is packaged then transported into the cytosol some are free, some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum functions as a scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis

site of protein synthesis and folding; lipid synthesis system of membranous tubules and sacs serves as intracellular highway / passageway

No ribosomes synthesis of steroids in gland cells regulation of Calcium in muscle cells breakdown of toxic substances

Has ribosomes prominent in cells that make large amounts of proteins to be exported from the cell

processing, packaging, and secreting organelle Checkpoint site where sugars are made and linked into starches or joined to lipids or proteins, proteins finish folding, secretions stored works with ER to modify proteins

digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and RNA digest old organelles, bacteria, and viruses enclose hydrolytic enzymes within single membranes rare in plant cells “trash collector” “suicide bags”

maintains the shape and size network of long protein strands not surrounded by a membrane participates in the movement of organelles

largest strands that are hollow tubes composed of pairs (dimers) of tubulin help the cell divide by forming spindle fibers that extend across the cell maintain cellular organization and enable transport of substances within the cell

made of actin (protein) that enable cells to withstand stretching smallest strands that form bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm

composed of different types of proteins in different cell types. consist of paired proteins entwined to form nested coiled rods

hairlike structure that extend from the surface Facilitates movement short in length but large in numbers

hairlike structure that extend from the surface Facilitates movement long but less numerous

most prominent structure Double membrane Stores heredity information

Found inside the nucleus where ribosomes are produced Little nucleus

paired barrel shaped organelles organizing microtubules

digestive enzyme for breaking down toxic materials and oxidative sacs with single outer membranes that are stuffed with several types of proteins large and abundant in liver and kidney cells, which handle toxins

supports and protects the cell

green chlorophyll allows photosynthesis to take place food source of the plants

Nucleus is surrounded by a _____

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells

Germ cells are the sperm and eggs cells, they have one copy of genome and are haploid. When the sperm and egg cell meets, it restores the diploid state.

The following is correct, EXCEPT