It is sevensyllable metric lines that can be composed of more than four lines, is usually chanted and teacheslessons about life

is a quatrain with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each

It is used in teasing or to comment on a persons’ actuations

This is the major pre-Hispanic poetic form. These are long, episodic, chanted poems which told a story, normally about a legendary hero and his adventures, often contending with, and also being aided by, supernatural creatures and spirits. Often chanted at feasts and rituals.

Used in witchcraftor enchantments

These are proverbs that are used to express pieces of wisdom or beliefs that are important to Filipino society. These forms are all done in verse, or metrical writing

uses “talinhaga”, or a metaphor that actually helps convey the answer to the riddle.

Examples of awit:

are “long verse narratives on chivalric-heroic, religious, legendary and folkloric themes

The people of Manila and native groups within the Philippines used to write on bamboo and the _

type of dance that imitates nature; it mimics the behaviors of animals and natural phenomena

ritual traditions of Filipinos are best understood in terms of their intentions. At the core of any ritual is the fundamental belief that there exists a delicate balance between man and nature, and the spirit world

stories handed down from the remote past by words of mouth from one generation to another, reflecting the people’s tradition, feelings, beliefs and judgments

Examples: Ang Gatas At Ang Itlog (The Milk and The Eggs) Aking Bituin (My Star) Magtanim Ay Di Biro (Planting Rice) Atin Ku Pung Sinsing (Once I had a Ring - Lyrics in Panpango) Leron, Leron Sinta (My Dear Little Leron)

example of folk speeches

refers to the dialect, or style of speaking, unique to people living within a geographic area

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

Ambahan is a traditional poetry of the HanunoomMangyans of Oriental Mindoro which is normally inscribed on bamboo using a pre-Colonial syllabic writing system called the

Spanish colonizatiob of the Philippines started in

Spanish colonization started during the time of

The Re-Orientation Period

The spurt continued unabated until the _.

involves the chanting of a narrative about Jesus’ death and resurrection.

SPANISH INFLUENCES ON THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

By _, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public schools. From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English.

By _, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, was founded

also known as Passion plays depict the passion and death of Jesus Christ.

Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the Tribune and the Philippine Review, Pillars, Free Philippines, and Filipina, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese. During this time, there was no freedom of speech and of the press.

The most famous sanakulo is _.

Filipino student writers learned the language and tried to produce their pieces patterned after the foreign models. Literary pieces of study were made by foreign authors. Filipino writersimitated American and English writers.

_ has described Filipino writing during the Japanese occupation as being pessimistic and bitter. There were some efforts at escapist literature, but in general, the literary output was minor and insignificant. Because of strict censorship, few literary works were printed during the war years

is performed at the local fiestas.

Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority and writing in English was consigned to a limbo. Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Filipino in developing the vernacular literature. The only Filipino writers who could write freely were those who were living in the United States.

More essays, short stories, and poems in English appeared. Tales of romance and adventures. Short story anthologies. Essays matured earlier in the milieu of social, economic, and political developments and projected Philippine customs and traditions. Plays were highly emotional rather than intellectual experiences.

is a type of Secular Komedya which portrays the clash between the Muslims and the Christians where the forbidden romance between the prince and the princess is settled by having nonChristian be converted to Christianity or by his or her death followed by a resurrection through divine intervention.

The weekly Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara. The only contact with the outside world was done with utmost secrecy through the underground radio program called “Voice of Freedom”.

Most writers and authors were lead to either go underground or write in Tagalog. So, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Filipino literature also experienced renewed attention because writersin English turned to writing in Filipino.

POETIC STYLE – AMERICAN REGIM

Activists were imprisoned in military camps together with rebel writers. The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. Period of Bloody Placards

it is a literary device that can be defined as poetry that is free from limitations of regular meteor rhythm and does not rhyme with fixed forms.

Literature showed reverence for the poor at its peak. The literature of the activists reached a point where they started boldly what should be done to effect changes.

It is a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle. This is created by animating figures made from cardboard which are projected onto a white screen.

it was a formalist movements in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self- referential aesthetic object.

The period of the New Society started on

Time of self-discovery and rapid growth. Period of original works with more control of the language. Writer’s experimentation with forms and techniques

continued to give annual awards.

Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country – like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution.

(Panunuluyan) (Tagalog for "asking for lodgings") is a Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating the Holy Family's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus Christ's birth through song.

like the haiku, it is short, but has measure and rhyme. Each line has seventeen syllables and is also allegorical in meaning.

By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama.

a poem of free verse that the Japanese liked. It is made up of seventeen (17) syllables divided into three (3) lines. The first line has five, the second –seven and the third – five. It is allegorical in meaning, short and covers a wide scope in meaning.

The field of the _ widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories.

Writers set out to create a national literature: one that reflects the Filipino way of life, the traditional values of the people as Filipinos and utilize the tropical vegetation of the islands. The Bureau of Education published Philippine Prose and Poetry, prescribed as a high school textbook. The period shifted from romantic idealism to romantic realism.

The _ tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.

the usual and common form of poetry

Between _, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were again conquered by another foreign country, Japan.

Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO ANG PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television. Even the new songs were first heard over the airwaves.

The translators were

The _ experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions o

Newspapers donned new forms: news on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism were favored rather than sensationalized reporting of killings, rapes, robberies, and others. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism.

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on

PULA, SA PUTI

BULAGA

During this period, Senator Benigno S. Aquno Jr., the idol of the Filipino masses, whom they hoped to be the next president, was brutally murdered on _.

PANDAY PIRA

The _ for literature which was launched in 1950, continued its recognition of the best in the literary fields – poetry, short story, essays, and the one and three-act plays

Poems during this period of the Third Republic were _ and _. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting language.

The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of _ posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.

SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK

The people’s love for sex films was unabated. Opposition tabloids flourished and was called as “_”. News – “_” There was a merging of the separate streams of oral and written literature.

The Martial Law Regime of F. E. Marcos fell on February 25, 1986 in a popular non-violent uprising called _.

Poetry in English: For the first twenty years, many books were published…both in Filipino and in English. Among the writers during this time were:

Longer and longer pieces were being written by writers of the period. _ tells of the grim experiences of war during the Japanese Occupation.

The _ was restored with President Corazon C. Aquino at the helm.

Award-giving bodies, annual competitions, and publications provide incentives for writers to keep producing literary pieces Post EDSA centers for creative writing were grouped into two:

In 1946, the _ whose aim was to publish works in English by Filipinos was established.

According to _, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic and worldwide causes. Activism is connected with the history of our Filipino youth.

This period was the entry of marginalized authors, genres, and themes into the main-stream of Philippine critical discourse. There was developing thrust towards the retrieval and the recuperation of writing in Philippine languages other than Tagalog. The non-fiction published pieces consist of collections of essays originally published as newspaper columns.

Newspapers and magazine publications were reopened like the

It began on _, and will end on _.

True or False “Century of Inventions”, “technological developments”, and “globalization”

CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITEREATURE

WHY STUDY LITERATURE?

Literature is an attempt to _.

Literature refers to any _ form of acceptable cognitive and or affective expression which is the representation of man’s experiences of the past and his expectations of the future.

FUNCTION OF LITERATURE

Literature is the product of

21st Century Literature consists of written works of _ printed and published from the start of the new millennium up to the present.

New literry works are created within

21st literature is written by

It deals with

Often breaks