- emphasized that criminal behavior results from a complex interplay of social and biological factors.

- also known as determinism - which stresses that behaviors are determined by factors beyond the control

- viewed that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases. - the interaction between predisposition and environment that produces criminality

- seek to explain the onset of antisocial behaviors, such as aggression and violence,

THREE RESEARCH STUDIES

o the relationship between antisocial behavior and biochemical makeup and that body chemistry can govern behavior and personality, including levels of aggression and depression

antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest level during this period.

o brain and nervous system of the offenders. Studies measure indicators of system functioning, such as brain, waves, etch

- which controls the brain chemistry, is the key to understanding violence and aggression

- are chemical compounds that influence brain activity

defined as the damage to the brain itsel

individuals who share the same genes are alike in personality regardless of how they are reared

types of genetic influences

- explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution. - These traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on the human gene pool

- which suggests that a subpopulation of men has evolved with genes and become sexually aggressive

- all organisms can be located along a continuum based upon their reproductive drives.

- reproduce rapidly whenever they can and invest little in their offspring - people are more cunning and deceptive. - negative people

reproduce slowly and cautiously and take care in the raising their offspring - people are more cooperative and sensitive to others - positive people

- the act to satisfied the needs - environmental factors infuence the brain's level of arousal. - those who require more stimulation may act in an aggressive manner to meet their needs

- criminal behavior is a dynamic process influenced by individual characteristics as well as social experiences, that cause antisocial behaviors change dramatically over a person's life span. - also recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.

also known as developmental theory

- defined as a stable feature, functioning the brain and environmental influences that make some people delinquency-prone over the life course - needs another factor to produce criminality

talks about heredity and genetic factor

founder of jukes family

- known for MARGARET, the mother of criminals

- there was a hunter, a fisher, a hard drinker, and a jolly-man

founder of kalikkak family

- father (the revolutionary war soldier)

founder of somatotyping theory

- which associates body physique to behavior and criminality - talks about body built

types of somatotype

physique type

founder of physique type

- any of several psychological disorders of mood characterized usually by alternating episodes of depression and mania. - also known as bipolar disorder.

- is a mental disorder that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), - also called dementia praecox

- deals with the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.

founded the school on human physiognomy

- study of skull - is a theory of brain and science of character reading - the study of the conformation of the skull - "the only true science of mind."

founder of phrenology

the development of his theories concerning brain localization and phrenology (cranioscopy)

- holds that low intelligence is genetically determined and inherited. - many institutionalized people were what he considered "feebleminded"

founder the nature theory

- examined the relationship between personality and physical type, with regards to criminal behavior. - He suggested that human somatotype (body shape and physique) can determine which type of crime a person will commit

- who is a Research Associate in Criminology at Harvard Law School in their article "Ten Years of Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency"

- a Roscoe Pound Professor of Law in Harvard University