psych exam

100問 • 2年前

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Which of the following is an example of behavior?

A woman drives to work

Using the ______ means gaining knowledge through observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning?

empirical method

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the method of introspection used by Wilhelm Wundt?

A researcher asks his participants to report their conscious feelings when they hear a specific song.

____ involves using introspection to investigate the components of the mind, whereas___ involves the functions or purposes of the mind and behavior in the individuals adaptations to the environment

Structuralism; functionalism

Which of the following is true of neuroscience as a contemporary approach to psychology?

It emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion

Everytime 4 year old Johnny puts his toys away or puts his clothes in the hamper, his parents praise him. Johnny’s parents are using the ___ to psychology to train Johnny to keep his room neat.

Behavioral approach

After 2 months of therapy, Michelle’s therapist concludes that her symptoms of anxiety are most likely a result of her troubled childhood, which was spent in fear of a very strict father. Which of the following approaches to psychology is Allen most likely using to understand and explain Michelle’s symptoms?

Psychodynamic

A psychologist conducts a survey on the reasons people give for helping a crying child. After the survey, the psychologist explains that most people think they help a crying child because they choose to live by their higher human values such as altruism. This explanation is reflective of the ____ to psychology

Humanistic approach

Peter, a psychology student, is investigating the ways adults interpret information and then use the information to solve problems and make decisions. In this scenario, Peter’s research most likely reflects the ____ to psychology.

Cognitive approach

The College of Architecture in the city of Exodia has a student population composed largely of foreign students. The dean of the college has hired a psychologist to help the facility understand and manage the needs of these foreign students. In this scenario. The psychologist hired by the dean is most likely a

Socioculturalist

For a research project, Joaquin observes student behavior during a learning task and attempts to form a ____, which is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations

Theory

Amelia conducts a study and finds that happiness is increased by spirituality but not by religious practice in Canadian children. Micheal, the colleague, tries to reproduce her study to see if it gets the same results. In this scenario, Micheal’s research illustrates

Replication

3 workers at a nuclear plant are exposed to a unique form of radiation. Researchers investigate these workers for skin and lung damage. To do this, the researchers conducted a _____study

Case

Which of the following is true for surveys

They are useful when information from many people is required

Jacob studies the link between listening to music and happiness. He finds that the more people listen to music, the happier they rate themselves. Which of the following is most likely to be correlation coefficient between happiness and listening to music?

0.75

Mark investigated whether people ate more salty foods when it was hot outside. He found that people consumed the same amount of salty foods no matter the temperature. What is the correlation coefficient of Mark’s research?

Longitudinal research involves

Observing and measuring the same variables periodically overtime using the same participants

In the context of experimental research, the logic of random assignment is that

If participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the potential differences between groups will cancel out if enough participants are included

A history class of 50 students agrees to participate in a research study. Half the class studies for the next history test while listening to classical music. The remaining half studies in a completely silent environment. The test scores of the 2 groups are compared at the end of the experiment. In this experiment, which is the dependent variable?

The classical music for the first half of the class

An experiment studies the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. She designs her experiment with four groups. Each participant in group 1 received 100mg of caffeine, each participant in group 2 received 200mg of caffeine, each participant in group 3 received 300mg of caffeine., and participants in group 4 receive no caffeine. Which group is the control group?

Group 4

Megan lost her eyesight after she suffered from a stroke. However over time her vision was partially restored, and she could see blurry images. Her neurologist explained to her that this was because her brain had rewired itself to compensate for the loss of part of her occipital lobe. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system does Megan's restored vision exemplify?

Plasticity

While Manuel is listening to a lecture, a bell rings. In order to hear this stimulus, Manuel’s _____ nerves must carry electrochemical messages from his ears to his brain

Afferent

Which of the following situations is most likely to involve the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

After a hard day, person relaxes with a glass of wine

Julie hears the news about a bus accident. She believes her son was on the same bus and is overcome by anxiety, which is primarily caused by her _____ nervous system. When her son phones and informs her that he was not on the bus, Julie is relieved and begins to relax. Their response is primarily caused by her ______ nervous system.

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

Which of the following statements is true of motor neurons?

They do not respond to sensory information

In the context of specialized cell structure, which of the following is the closest analogy to the function of myelin sheath for neurons?

Rubber encasing a copper wire

The term ______ refers to the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

Resting potential

In the nervous system, which of the following is true of neurons and the neurotransmitters they secrete?

At any given time, a neuron is receiving a mixture of messages from the neurotransmitters

Identify a true statement about GABA

Helps control the precision of the signal being carried from one neuron to the next

Based on provocative research that has linked oxytocin to stress, if a woman finds herself in a stressful situation, she is most likely to

Seek support from a friend

Which of the following statements is true of auditory processing in the brain?

Most of the auditory information from the left ear goes to the right side of the brain, but some also stays on the left side of the brain

Identify a true statement about automatic processes

They occur at a lower level of awareness than controlled processes

After taking LSD, Derek feels that his table and chair walk toward him and talk to him. Which of the following statements best describes this behaviour?

Drug use can induce altered states of consciousness

The factor that differentiates top-down processing from bottom-up processing is that top processing

Starts with cognitive processing in the brain

According to Sigmund Freud, a dream’s latent content

Is the dreams hidden content, its unconscious, and true meaning

The _____ in psychology states that behaviours followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviours followed by negative outcomes are weakened

Law of effect

George looks down from his house and sees his car that is parked near his driveway. As he looks ahead, he notices another car of the same model parked on the side of the street. George knows that the car parked on the street is farther away than his car because the other car makes a smaller image on his retina than his car does. This example best illustrates the monocular cue of

Relative size

In the context of non-associative learning, which of the following statements is true of habituation?

It refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in..

Stage N1 sleep

Which of the following statements is true of narcolepsy?

It appears to involve problem with neurons in the hypothalamus

_____ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs through cognitive experience

Learning

Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office. This change in her work hours..

May cause Helen to be at increased risk for obesity and impaired immune system function

Controlled processes

Involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

It does not adequately explain afterimages

Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as

Linear perspective

Lukas is anesthetized before a surgery. In the context of levels of awareness, which of the following levels best illustrates Lukas’s state?

No awareness

In the visual system, the major purpose of the iris of the eye is to

Control the pupil size

Theresa , a war veteran, still experiences occasional aches in the arm that was amputated when she was injured in war. In the context of sensory receptors and the brain, Theresa’s condition best illustrates the phenomenon of

Phantom limb pain

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, organisms learned the associated between 2 stimuli

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

During acquisition, the unconditioned stimuli is repeatedly presented and followed each time by the conditioned stimulus

Inattentional blindness is more likely to occur when

A task is difficult and occupying

Josh, a teenager, is attending his first party. He wants to ask a girl, Fiona, to the dance but does not know whether she will say yes. He notices that Fiona is pretty, a little shy, and wants to dance. He also sees that she is not surrounded by friends. Which component of signal detection theory is Josh illustrating by gathering these details about Fiona?

Information acquisition

Mark, a highschool student, dislikes the fact that his mom yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mom usually wakes up at 5:30am and he tries to wake up around 5:15 to avoid listening to her yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

Negative reinforcement

In an aversive conditioning experiment to treat alcohol addiction every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the

Unconditioned stimulus

Grayson’s dog salivates whenever he hears the fridge door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it. Grayson tries an experiment with his dog. Over the next few days, Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the fridge door, even though he knows the dog expects it. As a result, the dog stops salivating when the fridge food is opened. Grayson’s dog's behaviour best illustrates _____ in classical conditioning.

Extinction

Which of the following statements is true for umami?

The taste of umami is the flavour of L-glutamate

In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented. The dogs salivation to the food was a (n)

Unconditioned response

Nikita is always tired. She goes to bed around 10:30 every night and is asleep in seconds but she wakes up frequently during the night. She is most likely suffering from

Insomnia

In psychology, the ability to think about thinking is called _____

Metacognition

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

A man salivates while watching a chef fry a sausage

Vince injured his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. Consequently, Vince’s implicit memory was affected. In the context of memory, which of the following is most likely to happen?

Vince will not remember how to ride a motorcycle

Oscar, a 4 month old baby, is a participant in a preferential looking experiment. Researchers show Oscar 2 photographs: a photo of his mother and a photo of a female stranger. The photographs are presented repeatedly in different locations, and the amount of time Oscar spends looking at the photographs is recorded. What will the researchers conclude if Oscar shows a reliable preference for the photo of his mother over the stranger?

Oscar can discriminate the photo of his mother from that of a stranger

Millie tried to play peek-a boo with her 6 month old infant, but whenever she hid her face he cried. When she tried it again 3 months later he laughed and enjoyed the game, trying to uncover her face with his hands. This scenario exemplifies the development of ________

Object permanence

Claudia has a recipe book that gives her step by step procedures to prepare for Hungarian food, This scenario illustrates the use of

Algorithms

Carolina uses a prior strategy to solve her problems and fails to look at them from a fresh, new perspective. Which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

Fixation

When cognitive psychologists use the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computers

Hardware

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true of the embryonic period?

The beginnings of organs appear

Walter, a product development lead, encourages his teammates to “lighten up” and have some fun. He tries to use humour to enhance creativity. Research suggests that Walter’s approach.

May be successful because it will encourage flexibility and playful thinking

Which of the following statement is true of schema theory?

It has little or nothing to say about the role of the physical brain in memory.

Ray gives his son, Mason, three bowls. These bowls have the same capacity, but each one differs slightly in its shape and size. Ray tells his son that one of the bowls can hold more potato chips than the other two bowls. Mason points out that all the bowls though may appear different in size and shape, can hold the same amount of chips. In this case, Ray was most likely testing Mason’s concept of

Conservation

Harry wants a career in the peace corps. However, his mother prevents him from applying for a position with the peace corps. She fears that she will lose her son just like she lost her husband who died during his time in the peace corps. Hence, it can be concluded that Harry’s mother has used

Base rate neglect

Esmee visits a public aquarium. While looking at the fish tank, she notices an apple snail stuck to the glass wall of the tank. She feels nostalgic because she remembers collecting apple snails with her brothers when they were younger. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing Esmee has engaged in while encoding her childhood memory of apple snails?

Deep

Caleb, an infant, can be taken just about anywhere and seems to adapt quickly to new surroundinga. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, which of the following temperaments best describes him?

An easy child

When an individual knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that he or she remembers it, then the individual is said to be tapping into

Implicit memory

In the context of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of the assimilation process?

It occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge

________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Adolescents are required to take algebra because cognitive development theory indicates that they are ready to learn this subject. Some of Piaget’s critics would respond to this statement by pointing out that

Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescents

After lengthy research, Ira invested in stock six years ago. Since then, the value of her stock has reduced drastically. Ira is hesitant to pull out her money from the stock because she feels that she has already invested a lot of time and money into it. She feels that it is too late to make any decisions about her investment. Ira’s belief best explains

The sunk cost fallacy

As a parent, Kumar has observed changes in the intelligence levels of his children over the years. He marvels at the changes in their verbal and reasoning skills as they have grown to be teenagers. In this case, Kumar is reflecting on the changes in the ______ processes involved in development psychology

cognitive

According to developmental psychologists, nurture refers to

An individuals environmental and social experiences

Basketball, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse all fit into the ____ of sports

Concept

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information

_______ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information can be verbally communicated

Declarative memory

Robert wants to go out on a pic-nic. He packs his bag and gets ready, but at the last minute, he has a hunch that it might rain. He follows his instinct and drops the idea of going out on a picnic. In this case, Robert used the _____ system of reasoning in decision making

Automatic

______ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time as a result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

Memory

The development of a criterion for judging the effectiveness of a solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process?

Evaluation of solutions

A main reason rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term is that rehearsal

Involves just mechanically repeating the information, without imparting meaning to it

Adrian is solving mathematical equations. Which of the following processes of thinking is he likely to be engaged in at present?

Convergent thinking

Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional nond between an infant and

Its caregiver

Which of the following scenarios depicts an individual who is motivated by an intrinsic factor?

Despite her fear of heights, Donna begins mountain climbing because she loves the challenge of overcoming her fear

Who among the following is most likely to be suffering from anorexia nervosa?

Esme, who refuses to eat any meal for fear of gaining weight

Egor, a 30-year-old man, is sexually attracted to women and not men. Since adolescence, he has only dated women. In this case, Egor is most likely a(n)

A straight person

Which of the following accurately describes the process of factor analysis in the identification of personality traits?

Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated

Aaron, a five-year-old, watches his father shave every morning. He realizes that only men grow beards and have to shave. Aaron sometimes examines his own face in the mirror and pretends to shave. Aaron’s learning of this gender-related behaviour can best be explained by the _____ approach to gender development

Social cognitive

Which of the following is true of the causes or treatments of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

Although anorexia and bulimia nervosa are serious disorders, recovery is possible

The brain circuitry that involves the emotion of fear can follow two pathways: a direct pathway or an indirect pathway. Identify a true statement about direct pathway.

it has the advantage of speed when carrying information

Everytime Antony, a 30 year old architect, experiences stress at work, he goes home to his parents to find comfort. In the context of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, this scenario best illustrates the defence mechanism of

Regression

Which of the following was a criticism levied against Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Freud did not pay attention to the later experiences in a person’s life

100

In the context of sexual development of a fetus, the SRY gene is responsible for the development of

Male sexual features

psych exam 2

ユーザ名非公開 · 36問 · 2年前