is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through matter (medium), transferring energy from one point to another. Unlike electromagnetic waves which can travel through a vacuum, mechanical waves rely on particles in a medium to transport their energy.

is a fundamental relationship that helps to describe how waves, including mechanical waves, propagate. It’s a valuable tool for scientists and engineers working with waves in various contexts, from acoustics to optics.

is the speed at which a wave travels through a medium. It’s typically calculated by multiplying the frequency of the wave by its wavelength. This is represented in the wave equation as v=f×λv=f×λ, where vv is the wave speed, ff is the frequency, and λλ is the wavelength.

state at which water is not flowing, or is static ideal fluid.

refers to the maximum displacement of particles from their rest or equilibrium position. It’s a measure of the wave’s energy. In the wave pictured below, the amplitude is measured from the center line to the peak

The special case of a rotation with an internal axis passing through the body's own center of mass is known as

is the property of an object or material which causes it to be restored to its original shape after distortion. It is said to be more elastic if it restores itself more precisely to its original configuration

One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force is called

It tells us how much the object has spun. It is a time-dependent variable that is convenient to measure. Its unit is degree or radian. When the object completes one rotation, the angle it describes is 360˚ or 2π radian

states that every object will move with a constant angular velocity unless acted upon by a torque.

is the circular movement of an object around a central line, known as an axis of rotation

The rate at which the angular velocity changes is called angular acceleration, similar to acceleration in linear motion. It is denoted by the symbol α and, mathematically, given b

force per unit area exerted perpendicular to the area over which the force acts

measure of the internal friction in a fluid

is the angular version of force. It is the turning efficiency of the force. For example, we apply torque to operate a merry-go-round. Force is generally applied on the lever arm to rotate an object about its axis.

science concerned with the response of fluids to forces exerted upon them. It is a branch of classical physics with applications of great importance in hydraulic and aeronautical engineering, chemical engineering, meteorology, and zoology.

dimensionless parameter that can reveal whether a particular flow is laminar or turbulent

type of fluid flow in which layers do not mix

fluid with negligible viscosit

is defined as the rate at which the object spins. It is analogous to linear velocity. It is given by the change in the angle of rotation divided by the change in time

refers to the number of complete cycles or oscillations a wave undergoes in one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). For example, when a guitar string is plucked, it vibrates at a certain frequency, producing a specific musical note.

fluid flow in which layers mix together via eddies and swirls.

change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container

pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

is the distance between two successive points that are in phase. It Is typically measured from one crest to the next or from one trough to the next. It’s denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λλ). The distance between one wave crest and the subsequent wave crest .

and the unit of distance is meter or m. Therefore, the unit of torque is Newton·meter or N·m

An object rotating about an axis is defined by its angle of rotation, θ. Its analogy is similar to distance in linear motion.

ratio of the density of an object to a fluid (usually water

also known as rotatory motion

measures the object’s resistance to the change in its rotation. The moment inertia is symbolized as I and is measured in kilogram metre² (kg m2.)

- type of fluid flow in which layers mix together via eddies and swirls