philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who argued to regulate actions using reason and that reason has dominion over feelings or emotions

they are best known in ethics for asserting four these

it cannot be a motive to the will alone but is the slave of passions

these are not derived from reason

these are derived from the moral sentiments: feelings of approval (esteem, praise) and disapproval (blame) felt by spectators who contemplate a character trait or action

examples of feelings of approval

example of feelings of disapproval

hume stated that these are natural in ethics

hume stated this is artificial in ethics

hume stated that this is needed to discover the facts of any concrete situation but is insufficient to yield judgment that something is virtuous or vicious

used to describe emotions or feelings

classification of passion

a passion caused directly by the sensation of pain or pleasure

a type of passion that arises immediately from good or evil

an example of direct passion because it is an immediate response to the pleasure we expect to feel

a type of passion that includes aversion, hope, fear, grief, and joy

a type of passion caused by the sensation of pain or pleasure derived from some other idea or impression

an indirect passion that emanated from the pleasure you get from somethimg admirable (eg. intellect, physique, property, family, etc)— a result of the person, object, and quality of the object

a type of passion that includes humility, ambition, vanity, love, hatred, envy, pity

hume stated that there are instances this can be unreasonable, could happen when we make a mistake in judgment or our opinion is wrong

german ethical philosopher and phenomenologist who spught to know what comprised the structure of consciousness including mental acts (eg. feelings, thinking, resolve) and inherent objects of these mental acts (eg. values, concepts, plans)

scheler believed that this is the most important aspect in human existence

these are inherent, objective, and existing even if you have not experienced it before

scheler claimed that these are independent of the mind and it corresponds to the divine plan

scheler added that these are not chaotic but are strict, exact, and objective

scheler asserted that these are actually the 'purest sphere' of human consciousness

four strata or levels of feelings

feelings that involve bodily pleasures or pain

feelings that are life functions such as health, sickness, energy, fatigue, etc

feelings about aesthetics, justice, and knowledge

feelings that deal with the divine, the intentiontal, and is directed to a particular special object or a higher being, thus, most important

philosopher and professor who asserted that in moral reasoning, you could not rely on your feelings no matter how powerful these feelings may be

these can be irrational and merely a product of your prejudice, selfishness, and cultural conditioning

an argument is reasonable if:

powerfully influenced by feelings

two elements in moral judgment

an element of moral decisions/judgment meant expressing positive feelings towards a particular act: kindness is good

an element of moral decisions/judgment wherein the act should be encouraged that others may follow, an instruction or prescription: be kind to others

three central features as to why emotions can be obstacles in making the right decisions

it means the act was intentional, planned, with conscious effort

denotes spontaneous actions wherein it is doing smth without thinking though, no different from mindless automatic reflex

philosopher summarized nondeliberate nature of feelings wherein responsibility entails free choice, free choice entaols intellectual deliberation in wc alternatives are considered, and we cannot be responsible for our emotions when intellectual deliberation is absent

emotions give focus only on matters of personal interest, wherein emotions are quiet when it is of no personal concern

these influence our attention, govern what attracts and holds attention