is defined as the branch of civil engineering that deals with the design and construction of linear works such as roads, highways and pipelines

are irregular bends typically employed in linear works like roads to bring a gradual change of direction. Its main purpose is to lessen the amount of centrifugal force.

are those curves on the horizontal plane and can only be viewed from the top. The types of horizontal curve based on geometry ranges from simple circular curves, compound curves to broken-back curves and clothoids (or Euler spirals).

are those curves that are used to provide smooth transition or gradual change in direction which takes place in a vertical plane due to grade changes.

The length of tangent, also known as subtangent, is the distance from P.C. to P.I. It has also the same distance from P.I. to P.T. Consider right triangle P.I. P.T. O.

It is the distance from P.I. to the midpoint of the curve. Consider right triangle P.I. P.T. O

t is the distance from the midpoint of the curve to the midpoint of the chord. Consider right triangle O Q P.T

The length of long chord is the distance from P.C. to P.T. Consider right triangle O Q P.T.

It is the length of the curve from P.C. to P.T. Recalling that the length of the circular arc is proportional to its subtended angle, by ratio and proportion

It is the central angle subtended of one station. It serves as the measure of sharpness of the curve.

It assumes that each degree (or central angle) subtends an arc of 1 station. By ratio and proportion,

It assumes that each degree (or central angle) subtends a chord of 1 station

is one of the introductory works in any construction projects. It includes the excavation of existing earth material and any placement of fill material required in the construction of embankment

is the process of excavating earth material from a work location or borrow pits to achieve the desired topography

is the process of moving the excavated material or additional earth material to a work location to achieve the desired topography

Knowing the areas of these cross-sections, the volume of the given strip can be determined. _______ method is the process of plotting the existing cross-section perpendicular to a particular line

In here, the ground is level transversely. Consider the succeeding diagrams for ________

In this case, the transverse slope of the ground is not uniform. Consider the diagram below for _______(cut)

This method is also known as average-end-area method and is only applicable if the data necessary in calculating the areas of the end sections of a given strip of roadway are given

In this method, the given strip of the roadway is assumed to be a prismatoid. In solid geometry, a prismatoid is defined as a solid having ends that are parallel and similar but not congruent, and trapezoidal sides that are also similar but not congruent.

is applied to the volume using end-area method to make it equal to the volume calculated using the prismoidal formula

The distance from the working face of the excavation to the tipping point.

The distance from the center of gravity of the cutting to the center of gravity of the filling.

The distance over which the cost of hauling will justify the amount of earth to be bought

The extra distance of transport of earthwork volume beyond the Free Haul Distance

The sum of the product of each load by its haul distance. This must equal the total volume of excavation multiplied by the average haul distance.

The product of volumes by their respective overhaul distance. Excess payment will depend on _____.

The material brought into a section due to a deficiency.

The volume of material taken from a section due to excess.

It should be noted that when hauling over long distances, it may be more economical to waste material from the excavation and to borrow from a location within the free-haul limit.

This method is used to determine the coordinates for survey points by simultaneously recording GPS observations over both a known and unknown survey point for at least 20 minutes.

In this method, one receiver remains open over a known point (the Base Station) while another receiver moves between different positions (the Rover Station)

In this system, a survey grade GPS receiver is permanently installed in a particular location as a starting point for any GPS measurements in the area

It is required to receive signals from GPS satellites in order to make calculations.

are used to extend the rovers reach

This is used to mount GPS surveying equipment. These poles are typically lightweight but durable and come in different lengths

These accessories are commonly used to provide greater stability in mounting GPS equipment. They come in adjustable lengths and numerous sizes.

This piece of equipment is employed to GPS systems in order to receive signals from the satellites.

It is a combination of an electronic theodolite, electronic distance measuring (EDM) device and software running on an external computer that is used to calculate the coordinates of the survey points using angles and distances. It may also incorporate GPS technology to produce more accurate results.

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or curve provides a graphical representation of the material moved, showcases the amount of material that has been transported along the centerline and displays the distance that the materials travel while being transported.

A decrease in volume of earthwork after deposition and compaction.

An increase in volume of earthwork after excavation.