They invade basement membrane forming carcinoma in site. Basement membrane is broken so fragment of tumour may have broken off from it which enters surrounding blood vessel and establishes secondary tumour sites which is known as a metastasis.

The system has lobules and each lobule contains a lymphatic vessel, arteriole ,venule, and a branch from terminal bronchiole and this divides into respiratory bronchioles, and then into Alveolar ducts which leads to alveoli sacs

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline, cartilage and adventitia

It occurs from elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs, springing back after stretching. Dome of the diaphragm moves superiorly, while relaxing. As the external intercostals relax, the ribs are depressed. Movements decrease the vertical, lateral and anteroposterior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

It is the visceral pleura

It is a passive process due to no muscular contractions being involved

It can be due to genetics or environmental factors. It becomes cancerous when it divides uncontrollably. This leads to a tumour development and this tumour induces blood vessel growth to support its cell.

It is the process of which gases flow between lung and alveoli. Air flows between atmosphere and lungs. Due to alternating pressure differences. These differences are created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles.

Become cancerous, divide uncontrollably, resist inhibitory signals

It is known as the parietal pleura

They are separated by the heart and other structures of the mediastinum . The mediastinum separates thoracic cavity into two chambers. Two layers of serous membrane collectively called plural membrane, protect and enclose each lung

It is mediastinal surface of each lung. Bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Plural cavity this contains lubricating fluid what is secreted by membranes which reduces friction

When the air pressure in lungs is less than the air pressure in the atmosphere moves into the lungs. When the air pressure in lungs is more than the air pressure in the atmosphere air moves out of the lungs.

Spontaneous forms when Bullae forms on lung and then breaks this results in a large hole in the visceral pleura and leaking into the plural Space. Trauma is when air enters through parietal, pleural space from outside due to trauma Tension occurs from spontaneous or trauma, and a one-way valve is created due to flap of skin, air enters plural cavity but cannot escape so there’s a buildup of air in plural Space

It is the presence, of air and gas in space between lungs and chest wall which is known as the plural of space. The seal of pleura space is punctured. Air Moves in and the pressure in plural space equalises to 0. The lungs, pull in and collapse.

Microbes colonise bronchioles and alveoli, and then these microbes multiply and crossover from airways into the lung tissue, leading to inflammatory response

Small cell lung, cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer

C It is a tubular passage for air, and it extends from larynx to T5, and it, then divides into left and right primary bronchi

Superior and inferior

It is when there is a collection of fluid in the plural cavity, which is a cavity between the chest and along wall . Transudative is when there’s too much fluid produced by the body, so it leaves the capillaries by increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure. Cause can be heart, failure, pulmonary embolism post open-heart surgery Exudative is when there is inflammation of pulmonary capillaries, making them leaky causes can be pneumonia, cancer, kidney disease Lymphatic plural effusion is when there is disruption of lymphatic ducts resulting in buildup of lymphatic fluid in plural Space

It occurs due to an uncontrolled division of epithelial cells lining respiratory tract. This leads to a formation of a solid tumour.