Process by which sense organ changes into electrical signals that became neural impulses sent for brain processing

Are relatively meaningless bits of informatio

Results when the eyeball is too long so that objects are focused at a point in front of the retina

Refers to the decreasing response of the sense organs eslxposed to level of stimulation

Successful treatment to correct nearsighted vision

Is a rounded transparent covering in front of the eye the curved surface bends into narrower beams

Theprocess of adjustment of the focusing of lense/ The process of the lens bending to focus light waves on retina

Is a round opening at the front of your eye that allows light waves to pass on the eye's interior

Sorrounds and promote the pupil's growth.

it contains pigment that gives your eye its characteristic color.

The difficulty in assembling simple visual sensations into more complex meaningful images

The process of transduction occurs in visual states:

The photoreceptors of retina

Is a point where optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors

A thin film located at the very back of the eyeball that contains light sensitive cells or photoreceptors

Are photoreceptors that contains a single chemical cells called rhodopsin activated by small amounts of light that allows us to see, ehite, black and shades of gray colors

Is the inability to distinguish two or more shades in the color spectrum

A theory developed by Thomas Young says that there are usually three cones of retina with primary colors of blue, green and red

is a visual sensation that continued after the stimulus is removed

Says that ganglion cells in retina and thalamus respond to two pairs of colors red-green and blue-yellow

Is the subjective experience of sound's intensity

Subjective experience of sound being high or low that calculatef by frequency of soubd waves.

A stimuli for hearing

The distance of the sound waves

Is a unit to measure loudness

Waves that are right length to stimulate receptors in the eye

Have total color blindness. Having only rods and one kind of cones

Inhereted genetic defect found mostly in males that have trouble distingusishing red fron green because they are two kinds of cones

The structures of outer ear

Boundary between outer ear and middle ear

A long tube that funnels sound waves down its length

The auditory receptors

Transforms nerve impulses into simple visual sensations sych as texture, lines and colors

Sends simple visual sensations to neighboring association areas which adds meaning or asssociations

Structure of inner ear that involved on valance

Located in inner ear that has bony coiled exterior fubctions for transduction

Is a band of fibers that carry nerve impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain for processing

The brain calculates from ______ of nerve impulses

which includes feelings of nausea and dizoness where a mismatch of sensory information—vestibular sense and eyes

A chemical sense because the stimuli are various chemicals

Receptors of taste

Five basic tastes

Are shapedlike miniature onions, receptors of taste

The function of taste buds

Is a chemical sense because its stimuli are various chemicals carried by the air

The olfactory receptors

Says that brain determines medium to higher pitched sounds on the basis of the place on the basilar membrane where maximum vibration occurs

Which applies only to low - pitched sounds, says that the rate at which impulses reach the brain and determines how low the pitch of sound is

The combination of sensations of taste and smell

Bones of ossicles

Includes pressure, temperature, and pain

Located at parietal lobe, transform nerve impulses into sensations of touch, temperature and pain

Is triggered by presence of variety of contaminated or offensive things including foods, body products and gore.

Neither the researchers nor the participants in the study receives the treatment

Is a change in person's illness that is due to patient's beliefs or expectations rather than the medical treatment

Non painful nerve impulses compete with pain impulses in trying to reach the brain

Is unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that may result from tissue damage

Universally recognized facial expression by closing the eyes, narrowing the nostris, curling the lips downward, sticking out the tongue

Are chemicals produced by brain and secreted in response to injury or severe psychological stress

Procedure in which trained practitioner inserts thin middles into various points on the body's surface and electrically stimulates the needle

Due to wax in the auditory canal, injury to tympanic membrane or malfunction of tympanic membrane

Damage to auditory receptors ( hair cells) which prevents the production of impulses, or damage to auditory nerve which prevents nerve impulses from reaching the brain.

Is the point above which a stimulus is perceived and below is not perceived

Determines when we first became aware of our stimulus

Means a person is not consciously aware of a stimulus

The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect 50%of the time

Stimulation below the absolute threshold that is too weak or brief to reach our awareness

Is the amount of stimulus energy that is below a person's absolure threshold and person is not consciously aware of the stimulus

Informs us about our bodies' positions and motions relative to gravity

includes seeing the position of the head, keeping the head upright and maintaining balance

Says you're upside down and maintains balance

Refers to the smallest increase or decrease in the intensity of stimulus that a person is able to detect 50% of the time

Miniature electronic device that surgically implanted into the cochlea. It changes sound qaves into electrical signals that are fed into the aiditory nerve which carries them into the brain for processing.

States that the increase in intensity of a stimulus needed to peoduce a just boticeable difference grows in peoportion to the intensity of initial stimulus.

Is any change of energy in the environment such as light waves, sound waves, mechanical pressure or chemicals

Peeception is guided by previous knowledge, experiences, beliefs to recognize the whole patterns

Perception begins when bits of information that when combined lead to recognition of whole pattern

Believed that our brains follow set of rules that specify how individual elements are to be organized into meaningful pattern or perception

Which were identified bu Gestalt psychologists that specify how our brain combine and irganize individual pieces or elements into meaningful perception

States that in organizing stimuli, we group together elements that appear similar

The organizing of stimuli that fill in any missing parts of a figure and see the fogure as complete

Grouping physically close objects to one another together

Stimuli are organized in the simplest way possible

We tend ti favor smooth or continous paths when interpreting a series of points or lines

Refers to our tendency to perceive sizes, shapes, brightness abd colors as remaining the same even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing

Refers to the tendecy to perceive brightness as remaining the same in changing illumination

Tendency to perceive objects as remaining the same in sizes even when their images o. retina are constantly growing

Refers to perceive objects the same in size when its shape are continually growing or shrinking

The tendency to perceive colors as remaining stable despute the differences in lightning

The ability of the eye and brain to aad a third dimension depth to all visual perception despite that it is only two-dimensions

Depend on the movement of both two eyes

Is a Binocular for depth perception based on signals sent from the muscles that turn the eyes

is a binocular depth cue that depends on the distance between the eyes. The difference between the right and left eyes' images.

Results when the eyeball is too short so that objects are focused at a point slightly behind the retina

Produce by signals from a single eye

monocular cue for depth perception that comes to aplay when objects overlap

Results when we ecpect two objects be the same size when they are not

Results as parallel lines come together or converge in a distance

Monucular depth cue based on the speed of moving objects

monocular depth cue that created by the presrnce of dustz smog, clouds or water vapor