Understanding the Self(English)

35問 • 2年前

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Two Kinds of Consciousness of Self Empirical Self-Consciousness (Inner Sense) Transcendental Apperception (Apperception) (1724 - 1804)

IMMANUEL KANT

Regarding the issue of personal identity, (1) Hume's skeptical claim is that we have no experience of a simple, individual impression that we can call the self-where the "self" is the totality of a person's conscious life. (1711 - 1776)

DAVID HUME

believes that our behavior makes us who we are. The Self is not merely an entity that you can easily locate or analyze but simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviors that people make. The Self is open for exploration into different facets. He further claimed that "our knowledge of other people and ourselves depends on noticing how they and we behave"(1949, p. 181). (1900 - 1976)

GILBERT RYLE

According to ________ the Self is multi-layered. - these two levels of human functioning-the consciousS and the unconscious-differ radically both in their content and in the rules and logic that govern them. Our unconscious self embodies a mode of operation that precedes the development of all other forms of our mental functioning. It includes throughout our lives the primitive rock- bottom activities, the primal strivings on which all human functioning is ultimately based. In contrast, the conscious self is governed by the "reality principle" (rather than the "pleasure principle"), and at this level of functioning, behavior and experience are organized in ways that are rational, practical, and appropriate to the social (1856 - 1939)

SIGMUND FREUD

Eliminative materialism. This view is embodied in the work of philosophers like ________. who believes that the mind is the brain and that over time a mature neurOScience vocabulary will replace the "folk psychology' that we currently use to think about ourselves and our minds. He also believes that the brain is the essence of the Self. He believes that by empirically investigating how the brain functions, we will be able to predict and explain how we function. Therefore, we are our brain.

PAUL CHURCHLAND

Father of western philosophy (470-399 Bc)

Socrates

For ____ the human person is composed of a body and soul. The body is the material and destructible part of the human person, while the soul is the immaterial and indestructible part. - the soul is the self. - allegory of the Cave (428-348 bc)

Plato

believes that the def nition of the Self is all about one's perceptions of his or her experiences and how we interpret those experiences. He believes that the mind and body is intertwined or connected and that they cannot be separated from one another. He dismisses the Cartesian Dualism and says that the living body, our thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one. (1908 - 1961)

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

He believed that man is bifurcate (divided into two branches) in nature, which is our physical body and the soul. One aspect of us is imperfect and worldly while the other is capable of divinity and immortality. (354-430 BC)

St. Augustine

(1632-1704) speaks of personal identity and Survival of consciousness after death. A criterion of personal identity through time is given. Such a criterion specifies, insofar as that is possible, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the survival of persons. He holds that personal identity is a matter of psychological continuity. He considered personal identity (or the self) to be founded on consciousness (viz. memory), and not on the https: substance of either the soul or the body. I/upload wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8

JOHN LOCKE

also known as method of Elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate) is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions.

Socratic Thinking

According to Plato, the SOUL has three parts:

Rational Soul, Spiritual soul, appetitive soul

The _____ soul - cognition Plato considers the _______ soul as the superior among the three because it serves as a moral and rational guide for among 2 souls.

Rational Soul

The _____ soul - is called emotions

Spiritual Soul

The ______ soul - physical wants/needs

Appetitive Soul

The visible world, our universe. - creates a sense of being trapped in a different world, away from light and away from reality. - represents people who believe that knowledge comes from what we see and hear in the world empirical evidence. - shows that our empirical knowledge is flawed.

The Cave

What we perceive as our whole reality, i.e. all our empirical knowledge. - imperfect copies of the Forms. The prisoners believe that these shadows are the only reality.

The shadows on the wall

The rest of humanity, who are unable to understand the words of men who are enlightened.

The prisoners

- was the religion that Augustine bought into in the first part of his life.

Manicheanism

In attempting to reconcile faith and reason, a problem for scholastic philosophers was to provide a rational argument for the existence of God.

The ontological argument

the first of the Christian philosophers to present such an argument was _____. His reasoning, known as the ontological argument, defines God as "that than which nothing greater can be thought" From that premise, he methodicaly shows that if God exists in our imagination, then an even greater God is possible: one that exists in reality.

Anselm of Canterbury

he identified four other arguments for the existence of God, derived from Aristotle's idea of an "unmoved mover or first cause

Thomas Aquinas

Allegory of The Cave symbolism

The Cave, The Shadows on the Wall, The Prisoners

Give examples of Philosophers

Immanuel Kant, Socrates, John Locke, Sigmund Freud, plato, St. Augustine, Rene Descartes, David Hume, Gilbert Ryle, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Paul Churchland

he was more concerned with understanding the thinking process we use to answer questions. He agreed with the great thinkers before him that the human ability to reason constitutes the extraordinary instrument we have to achieve truth and knowledge (1956-1650)

Rene Descartes

is the frst principle of Descartes's theory of knowledge because he is confident that no rational person will doubt his or her own existence as a conscious, thinking entity-while we are aware of thinking about our self.

cogito, ergo sum

The idea that reality is dual in nature that it is made up of both physical and mental elements-was championed by the ______. - 17th-century French philosopher René Descartes.

Dualism

One problem faced by dualists is the possibility that the universe is "causally complete" - According to this view, human behavior is completely explained by bodily processes, which leaves nothing for the mind to do other than to experience the body's workings.

EPIPHENOMENALISM

The biologist ______ held this view, calling the mind an "epiphenomenon," or by-product, of the brain. He likened the mind to a clock's bell, which plays no role in keeping the time.

T.H Huxley

philosophers use the word _____ to describe the immediate contents of experience-what it feels like to hear a particular sound, for instance. Frank Jackson used this example: Mary lives in a black-and-white world, in which she learns everything there is to know about color

Qualia

According to Locke, we can only receive information about the world through our senses. This information, he claimed, is of two kinds and concerns what he called the ____ and ______ qualities.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES

For Locke, the ______ qualities of a thing are its length, breadth, height, weight, location, motion, and overall design.

PRIMARY QUALITIES

The ______ qualities of a thing are its color, taste, texture, smell, and sound. These qualities depend on the perceiver's senses.

SECONDARY QUALITIES

In recent years, various materialist philosophers have abandoned the mind-brain identity theory in favor of an even more radical position - namely, eliminative materialism.

Eliminative materialism

The everyday language we use to explain human behavior, including such concepts as "belief," "desire," and "intention," are what philosophers cal _______." According to eliminative materialists, it is effectively a failed scientific hypothesis and, as such, it should join the list of other failed hypotheses.

Folk psychology

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