ENZYME

48問 • 1年前

JHAYS

通報

問題一覧

ENZYMES A protein compound that acts as a _____ for biochemical reactions

CATALYST

Greek word En- ____ Zyme- ______

IN, YEAST

______ were used in the production of bread and alcoholic beverages

YEAST ENZYMES

Action of yeast on sugars produces ___ gas to cause the bread to rise

CO2

________ of sugars in fruit juices produces alcoholic beverages

FERMENTATION

Slight alterations in ___ or _________ affect enzyme activity dramatically

PH/TEMPERATURE

______ yeast kills the action of the yeast

OVERHEATING

Fever (>106F) runs the risk of having cellular enzymes ______

DENATURED

Vigorous shaking of an enzyme solution can _____ enzyme activity

DESTROY

2 Classes of Enzyme Structure

SIMPLE, CONJUGATED

ENZYME STRUCTURE Composed of proteins only

SIMPLE ENZYME

ENZYME STRUCTURE Has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part

CONJUGATED

3 TYPE OF CONJUGATED ENZYME

APOENZYME, COFACTOR, BIOENZYME

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the protein part

APOENZYME

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the non protein part - Provides additional chemically reactive functional groups

COFACTOR

Conjugated enzyme __________ A biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced from an apoenzyme and a cofactor

BIOENZYME

Cotactor categories ______________ • ___, ___, ___, ___ • Must be supplied in the diet

Zn, Fe, Mg, Cu

Cofactor categories • ___________ • Synthesized within the body using building blocks obtained from other nutrients • Buildings blocks used is a B vitamin or B vitamin derivative

COENZYMES

BREAKING OF THE COVALENT BONDS OF THE COFACTOR _________ THE ENZYME

DEACTIVATES

• A ________ is the reaction in an enzyme catalyzed reactions • The _______ is the ______ upon which the enzyme acts

SUBSTRATE

• The identity of the substrate in addition to the type of reaction • _____ peroxidase, ______ carboxylase • _____ (catalyzes urea) _____ (hydrolysis lactose)

GLUCOSE, PYRUVATE, UREASE, LACTASE

• CATALYZES AN OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION • Lactate dehydrogenase – an oxidoreductase that removes hydrogen atoms from a molecule

OXIDOREDUCTASE

• Catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

TRANSFERASE

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

TRANSAMINASE

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and aphosphorylated product

KINASES

catalyzes hydrolysis reaction in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the bond to break • Central to the process of digestion • Carbohydrases, proteases, lipases

HYDROLASE

• Catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis or oxidation

LYASE

A LYASE removal of the component of water from a double bond

DEHYDRATASE

A LYASE addition of the components of wateraddition of the components of water

HYDRATASE

Catalyzes isomerization or rearrangement of atoms, of a substrate in a reaction converting it into a molecule isomeric with itself

ISOMERASE

Catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP

LIGASE

• Apples, pear, peaches, apricot, bananas, potatoes • Browning when exposed to oxygen • Related to an enzyme ________, a conjugated enzyme that contains copper • The substrates for this enzyme is present in these fruits and vegetable

PHENOLASE

-Contains urease on its surface -Converts urea to ammonia -Ammonia then neutralizes acid in its surrounding -It causes ulcers by weakening the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, injuring the lining

H. PYLORI

- Enzyme that catalyzes the breaking peptide bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein -They are generated in its inactive form to prevent tissue destruction -When needed, they will be converted to its active form -Digestive and blood clotting enzymes -Inactive form is called ZYMOGEN OR PROENZYME

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME

• is involved in blood pressure regulation • Increases BP by narrowing the blood vessels • Exists in its zymogen for angiotensinogen

ACE INHIBITORS

• blocks the action of ACE in converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin • Lower BP

ACEI

- Antibiotic - First antibiotic in the medical field (1864) - Sulfanilamide inhibits bacterial growth because its is structurally similar to PABA ( para amino benzoic acid) - PABA is needed by many bacteria in order to produce a coenzyme folic acid - Inhibition of the formation of folic acid retards the growth of the bacteria and eventually kill them

SULFA DRUGS

• Widely used • Alexander Flemming 1928 • Inhibits transpeptidase, enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide crosslinks that strengthens the bacterial cell wall

PENICILLINS

MEDICAL USES OF ENZYMES ● Used to ______ certain diseases ● Some enzymes are found inside the tissues and organs ● Once damaged, these enzymes leaks to the blood

DIAGNOSE

HEART DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)

Heart disease, liver disease, muscle damage

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Heart disease

Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK)

bone disease, liver disease

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATION

PROCARDIA

CHOLESTEROL LOWERING AGENT

LIPITOR

IMMUNO SUPPRESANT

CYCLOSPORIN

ANTIDEPRESSANT

ZOLOFT

ANTIARRYTHMIC MEDICATION

CORDARONE

HCI

HCI

TERMS

TERMS

HEALTH DEF

HEALTH DEF

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

JHAYS · 43問 · 1年前

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

BIOCHEM

BIOCHEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

joints

joints

muscle and joint movements

JHAYS · 17問 · 1年前

muscle and joint movements

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NERVOUS

NERVOUS

NERVOUS PART 2

NERVOUS PART 2

SPECIAL SENSES

SPECIAL SENSES

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

問題一覧

ENZYMES A protein compound that acts as a _____ for biochemical reactions

CATALYST

Greek word En- ____ Zyme- ______

IN, YEAST

______ were used in the production of bread and alcoholic beverages

YEAST ENZYMES

Action of yeast on sugars produces ___ gas to cause the bread to rise

CO2

________ of sugars in fruit juices produces alcoholic beverages

FERMENTATION

Slight alterations in ___ or _________ affect enzyme activity dramatically

PH/TEMPERATURE

______ yeast kills the action of the yeast

OVERHEATING

Fever (>106F) runs the risk of having cellular enzymes ______

DENATURED

Vigorous shaking of an enzyme solution can _____ enzyme activity

DESTROY

2 Classes of Enzyme Structure

SIMPLE, CONJUGATED

ENZYME STRUCTURE Composed of proteins only

SIMPLE ENZYME

ENZYME STRUCTURE Has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part

CONJUGATED

3 TYPE OF CONJUGATED ENZYME

APOENZYME, COFACTOR, BIOENZYME

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the protein part

APOENZYME

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the non protein part - Provides additional chemically reactive functional groups

COFACTOR

Conjugated enzyme __________ A biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced from an apoenzyme and a cofactor

BIOENZYME

Cotactor categories ______________ • ___, ___, ___, ___ • Must be supplied in the diet

Zn, Fe, Mg, Cu

Cofactor categories • ___________ • Synthesized within the body using building blocks obtained from other nutrients • Buildings blocks used is a B vitamin or B vitamin derivative

COENZYMES

BREAKING OF THE COVALENT BONDS OF THE COFACTOR _________ THE ENZYME

DEACTIVATES

• A ________ is the reaction in an enzyme catalyzed reactions • The _______ is the ______ upon which the enzyme acts

SUBSTRATE

• The identity of the substrate in addition to the type of reaction • _____ peroxidase, ______ carboxylase • _____ (catalyzes urea) _____ (hydrolysis lactose)

GLUCOSE, PYRUVATE, UREASE, LACTASE

• CATALYZES AN OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION • Lactate dehydrogenase – an oxidoreductase that removes hydrogen atoms from a molecule

OXIDOREDUCTASE

• Catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

TRANSFERASE

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

TRANSAMINASE

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and aphosphorylated product

KINASES

catalyzes hydrolysis reaction in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the bond to break • Central to the process of digestion • Carbohydrases, proteases, lipases

HYDROLASE

• Catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis or oxidation

LYASE

A LYASE removal of the component of water from a double bond

DEHYDRATASE

A LYASE addition of the components of wateraddition of the components of water

HYDRATASE

Catalyzes isomerization or rearrangement of atoms, of a substrate in a reaction converting it into a molecule isomeric with itself

ISOMERASE

Catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP

LIGASE

PHENOLASE

H. PYLORI

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME

• is involved in blood pressure regulation • Increases BP by narrowing the blood vessels • Exists in its zymogen for angiotensinogen

ACE INHIBITORS

• blocks the action of ACE in converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin • Lower BP

ACEI

SULFA DRUGS

• Widely used • Alexander Flemming 1928 • Inhibits transpeptidase, enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide crosslinks that strengthens the bacterial cell wall

PENICILLINS

MEDICAL USES OF ENZYMES ● Used to ______ certain diseases ● Some enzymes are found inside the tissues and organs ● Once damaged, these enzymes leaks to the blood

DIAGNOSE

HEART DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)

Heart disease, liver disease, muscle damage

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Heart disease

Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK)

bone disease, liver disease

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATION

PROCARDIA

CHOLESTEROL LOWERING AGENT

LIPITOR

IMMUNO SUPPRESANT

CYCLOSPORIN

ANTIDEPRESSANT

ZOLOFT

ANTIARRYTHMIC MEDICATION

CORDARONE