catalyzes hydrolysis reaction in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the bond to break • Central to the process of digestion • Carbohydrases, proteases, lipases

- Enzyme that catalyzes the breaking peptide bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein -They are generated in its inactive form to prevent tissue destruction -When needed, they will be converted to its active form -Digestive and blood clotting enzymes -Inactive form is called ZYMOGEN OR PROENZYME

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATION

Fever (>106F) runs the risk of having cellular enzymes ______

ANTIARRYTHMIC MEDICATION

A LYASE removal of the component of water from a double bond

Heart disease, liver disease, muscle damage

A LYASE addition of the components of wateraddition of the components of water

Slight alterations in ___ or _________ affect enzyme activity dramatically

2 Classes of Enzyme Structure

• blocks the action of ACE in converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin • Lower BP

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and aphosphorylated product

Greek word En- ____ Zyme- ______

Action of yeast on sugars produces ___ gas to cause the bread to rise

Conjugated enzyme __________ A biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced from an apoenzyme and a cofactor

ANTIDEPRESSANT

Catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP

• A ________ is the reaction in an enzyme catalyzed reactions • The _______ is the ______ upon which the enzyme acts

• CATALYZES AN OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION • Lactate dehydrogenase – an oxidoreductase that removes hydrogen atoms from a molecule

-Contains urease on its surface -Converts urea to ammonia -Ammonia then neutralizes acid in its surrounding -It causes ulcers by weakening the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, injuring the lining

Heart disease

______ were used in the production of bread and alcoholic beverages

HEART DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE

bone disease, liver disease

ENZYME STRUCTURE Has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part

Vigorous shaking of an enzyme solution can _____ enzyme activity

______ yeast kills the action of the yeast

• Widely used • Alexander Flemming 1928 • Inhibits transpeptidase, enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide crosslinks that strengthens the bacterial cell wall

IMMUNO SUPPRESANT

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the protein part

- Antibiotic - First antibiotic in the medical field (1864) - Sulfanilamide inhibits bacterial growth because its is structurally similar to PABA ( para amino benzoic acid) - PABA is needed by many bacteria in order to produce a coenzyme folic acid - Inhibition of the formation of folic acid retards the growth of the bacteria and eventually kill them

CHOLESTEROL LOWERING AGENT

Catalyzes isomerization or rearrangement of atoms, of a substrate in a reaction converting it into a molecule isomeric with itself

________ of sugars in fruit juices produces alcoholic beverages

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

• Catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

Cofactor categories • ___________ • Synthesized within the body using building blocks obtained from other nutrients • Buildings blocks used is a B vitamin or B vitamin derivative

Cotactor categories ______________ • ___, ___, ___, ___ • Must be supplied in the diet

3 TYPE OF CONJUGATED ENZYME

• Apples, pear, peaches, apricot, bananas, potatoes • Browning when exposed to oxygen • Related to an enzyme ________, a conjugated enzyme that contains copper • The substrates for this enzyme is present in these fruits and vegetable

ENZYMES A protein compound that acts as a _____ for biochemical reactions

• The identity of the substrate in addition to the type of reaction • _____ peroxidase, ______ carboxylase • _____ (catalyzes urea) _____ (hydrolysis lactose)

• Catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis or oxidation

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the non protein part - Provides additional chemically reactive functional groups

• is involved in blood pressure regulation • Increases BP by narrowing the blood vessels • Exists in its zymogen for angiotensinogen

ENZYME STRUCTURE Composed of proteins only

MEDICAL USES OF ENZYMES ● Used to ______ certain diseases ● Some enzymes are found inside the tissues and organs ● Once damaged, these enzymes leaks to the blood

BREAKING OF THE COVALENT BONDS OF THE COFACTOR _________ THE ENZYME