ENZYMES A protein compound that acts as a _____ for biochemical reactions

Greek word En- ____ Zyme- ______

______ were used in the production of bread and alcoholic beverages

Action of yeast on sugars produces ___ gas to cause the bread to rise

________ of sugars in fruit juices produces alcoholic beverages

Slight alterations in ___ or _________ affect enzyme activity dramatically

______ yeast kills the action of the yeast

Fever (>106F) runs the risk of having cellular enzymes ______

Vigorous shaking of an enzyme solution can _____ enzyme activity

2 Classes of Enzyme Structure

ENZYME STRUCTURE Composed of proteins only

ENZYME STRUCTURE Has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part

3 TYPE OF CONJUGATED ENZYME

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the protein part

Conjugated enzyme __________ is the non protein part - Provides additional chemically reactive functional groups

Conjugated enzyme __________ A biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced from an apoenzyme and a cofactor

Cotactor categories ______________ • ___, ___, ___, ___ • Must be supplied in the diet

Cofactor categories • ___________ • Synthesized within the body using building blocks obtained from other nutrients • Buildings blocks used is a B vitamin or B vitamin derivative

BREAKING OF THE COVALENT BONDS OF THE COFACTOR _________ THE ENZYME

• A ________ is the reaction in an enzyme catalyzed reactions • The _______ is the ______ upon which the enzyme acts

• The identity of the substrate in addition to the type of reaction • _____ peroxidase, ______ carboxylase • _____ (catalyzes urea) _____ (hydrolysis lactose)

• CATALYZES AN OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION • Lactate dehydrogenase – an oxidoreductase that removes hydrogen atoms from a molecule

• Catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

A TRANSFERASE catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and aphosphorylated product

catalyzes hydrolysis reaction in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the bond to break • Central to the process of digestion • Carbohydrases, proteases, lipases

• Catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis or oxidation

A LYASE removal of the component of water from a double bond

A LYASE addition of the components of wateraddition of the components of water

Catalyzes isomerization or rearrangement of atoms, of a substrate in a reaction converting it into a molecule isomeric with itself

Catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP

• Apples, pear, peaches, apricot, bananas, potatoes • Browning when exposed to oxygen • Related to an enzyme ________, a conjugated enzyme that contains copper • The substrates for this enzyme is present in these fruits and vegetable

-Contains urease on its surface -Converts urea to ammonia -Ammonia then neutralizes acid in its surrounding -It causes ulcers by weakening the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, injuring the lining

- Enzyme that catalyzes the breaking peptide bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein -They are generated in its inactive form to prevent tissue destruction -When needed, they will be converted to its active form -Digestive and blood clotting enzymes -Inactive form is called ZYMOGEN OR PROENZYME

• is involved in blood pressure regulation • Increases BP by narrowing the blood vessels • Exists in its zymogen for angiotensinogen

• blocks the action of ACE in converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin • Lower BP

- Antibiotic - First antibiotic in the medical field (1864) - Sulfanilamide inhibits bacterial growth because its is structurally similar to PABA ( para amino benzoic acid) - PABA is needed by many bacteria in order to produce a coenzyme folic acid - Inhibition of the formation of folic acid retards the growth of the bacteria and eventually kill them

• Widely used • Alexander Flemming 1928 • Inhibits transpeptidase, enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide crosslinks that strengthens the bacterial cell wall

MEDICAL USES OF ENZYMES ● Used to ______ certain diseases ● Some enzymes are found inside the tissues and organs ● Once damaged, these enzymes leaks to the blood

HEART DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE

Heart disease, liver disease, muscle damage

Heart disease

bone disease, liver disease

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATION

CHOLESTEROL LOWERING AGENT

IMMUNO SUPPRESANT

ANTIDEPRESSANT

ANTIARRYTHMIC MEDICATION