1. Which statement best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system? • A. It stabilizes body temperature and pH. • B. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products. • C. It synthesizes white blood cells and hormones. • D. It controls the body’s blood pressure through electrical impulses.

. Which layer of the heart wall is described as a double-layered serous membrane? • A. Myocardium • B. Endocardium • C. Epicardium • D. Pericardium

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body? • A. Right atrium • B. Left ventricle C. Right atrium D. Right ventricle

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of blood in pulmonary circulation? • A. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary veins → Lungs → Pulmonary artery → Left atrium • B. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium • C. Left atrium → Left ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Right atrium • D. Pulmonary veins → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Pulmonary artery → Left atrium

7. Identify the layer of the heart that lines the interior surfaces, including the valves. • A. Pericardium • B. Myocardium • C. Endocardium • D. Epicardium

What is the definition of preload in cardiac physiology? A. The force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood B. The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole C. The speed at which the heart beats. D. The force generated by the myocardium during contraction

. What is the function of the tricuspid valve? • A. It prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium. • B. It prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium. • C. It allows blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. • D. It allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

How does high blood pressure affect afterload? • A. It decreases afterload by reducing systemic vascular resistance. • B. It increases afterload by increasing the force the ventricles must exert to pump blood. • C. It has no effect on afterload. • D. It decreases afterload by increasing the speed of blood flow.

21. During a cardiac cycle, when do the AV valves close? • A. During atrial systole • B. At the beginning of ventricular systole • C. At the end of ventricular systole • D. During diastole

If the SA node fails, which part of the heart typically takes over as the main pacemaker? • A. Bundle of His • B. AV node • C. Purkinje fibers • D. Mitral valve

4. What is the primary role of the myocardium? • A. It serves as a protective outer layer for the heart. • B. It is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart. • C. It lines the interior of the heart and heart valves. • D. It regulates the exchange of nutrients and gases.

Which factor directly influences the stroke volume of the heart? • A. Heart rate • B. Diastolic time • C. Contractility • D. Blood vessel type

What is the role of the AV node in the heart’s electrical conduction system? • A. It generates impulses faster than the SA node. • B. It stops impulses to prevent tachycardia. • C. It follows the impulses initiated by the SA node in healthy individuals. • D. It contracts the ventricles directly.

A nurse is assessing a patient with a very slow heart rate. What potential complication should the nurse be aware of based on this heart rate? • A. Increased cardiac output • B. Reduced blood circulation • C. Increased diastolic time • D. Enhanced preload

What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation? • A. To remove waste products from the blood. • B. To oxygenate deoxygenated blood. • C. To pump blood to the extremities. • D. To circulate blood through the liver.

Which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body? • A. Right atrium • B. Right ventricle • C. Left atrium • D. Left ventricle

Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place in pulmonary circulation? • A. Between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle • B. In the capillaries surrounding the alveoli • C. Within the right atrium • D. Between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium

Which of the following best describes the function of the Purkinje fibers when both the SA and AV nodes malfunction? • A. They generate impulses at a rate of 3 to 40 per minute. • B. They stop generating impulses altogether. • C. They increase impulse generation to over 100 per minute. • D. They have no role in impulse generation.

The Bundle of His is important because it: • A. Generates the initial electrical impulse. • B. Acts as a backup pacemaker. • C. Divides the impulse between the two ventricles. • D. Regulates the oxygen level in the blood.

After oxygenation in the lungs, blood returns to the heart through which vessels? • A. Pulmonary arteries • B. Aorta • C. Pulmonary veins • D. Coronary veins

How far does the heart transport blood in a single day? • A. 30,000 miles • B. 45,000 miles • C. 60,000 miles • D. 75,000 miles

What role do the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae play in heart function? • A. They contract to pump blood out of the ventricles. • B. They relax to allow the heart to fill with blood. C. The prevent the atriventricular valves from inverting D. The generate electrical impulses for heart contractions

17. What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart’s electrical conduction system? • A. It relays impulses to the ventricles. • B. It initiates impulses at a rate of 60 to 100 times per minute. • C. It prevents backflow of blood. • D. It controls the contraction of the atria only.

Cardiac output is typically calculated as: • A. SV + HR • B. SV x HR • C. SV / HR • D. HR - SV

5. The apex of the heart is located: A. Superior to the second rib B. Between the 2nd and third ribs, right of the midline C. Inferiority, slightly to the left between the fifth and sixth ribs near the diaphragm D. At the level of the seventh cervical vertebra

3. Where is the heart primarily located in the body? • A. In the upper abdomen, left of the midline. • B. In the chest cavity, between the lungs, mostly left of the midline. • C. Directly in the center of the chest cavity. • D. In the lower chest cavity, right of the midline.

15. What is the primary function of the AV node in the heart’s electrical conduction system? • A. It generates electrical impulses at a high rate to increase heart rate. • B. It delays the transmission of electrical impulses to ensure proper heart filling. • C. It directly stimulates the contraction of the ventricles. • D. It prevents backflow of blood into the atria

12. During which phase are the semilunar valves open? • A. Diastole • B. Systole • C. Atrial contraction • D. Ventricular relaxation

4. Where is the SA node located? • A. Between the right atrium and right ventricle • B. In the upper wall of the left atrium • C. In the lower wall of the left ventricle • D. In the upper wall of the right atrium

. Approximately how many gallons of blood does the heart pump daily? • A. 500 gallons • B. 750 gallons • C. 1000 gallons • D. 1500 gallons